Speed. Daniel Yu

The basic scientific principles were discovered in the seventeenth century by Galileo Galilei (1564–1642), Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), and Isaac Newton (1643–1727). The term scientist did not exist until the mid-nineteenth century, and the term theoretical physicist did not exist until the late nineteenth century. The early physicists were philosophers and mathematicians. They created basic modern science, stubbornly working to unearth basic scientific principles while contending with equally demanding pressures from the state, church, and culture.

There was major debate about physics in the seventeenth century between Galilei, Kepler, and Newton, until Isaac Newton published his theories of space, time, and motion in 1687. Newton believed that space and time are absolute, that force causes acceleration, and that gravity is a force conveyed across a vacuum at a distance. Newton got most the credit and won the “academic war” in Europe because of the British government’s support and good publicity. Almost all mathematicians, philosophers, and physicists became Newtonians in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

There has always been debate in the academic field, but no major one until Albert Einstein’s special relativity theory in 1905 and general relativity with modified version of gravity theory in 1917.

From experiments and systematic observation, scientists corrected old theories, discovered new theories, and invented new technologies, displaying a willingness to challenge dogma and an openness to see the universe as it truly is.

The ancient Chinese invented gunpowder over six hundred years ago, the explosive mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur, through experimentation and observation, without any theory behind the discovery. The atomic bomb would have been invented via experiments and observations with or without the E = mc2 formula.

Einstein was a great philosopher not because of his special relativity theory, his postulate of “Nothing is faster than the speed of light,” his nonexisting ether theory, his modified version of gravity in general relativity theory, or his predictions as big bang, black hole, and wormhole; he was great because he had great visions. He gained a sense of nature. The nature of space, time, and speed. Einstein believed that there is a “force” that unifies all natural forces. He believed that the term force explains natural phenomena, both in cosmology at large and quantum mechanics in particular. He believed that foundation stones of a unified field theory could be found in nature. Theories, such as wave theory and superstring theory, fall short in explaining both the universe at large and quantum mechanics in particular. Wave theory and superstring theory need a more basic theory to support theories itself.

It is not the intention of this paper to draw serious challenges to the reputation of major scientific figures, as it is only a way to publish a new written unified field theory in physics. Hopefully, it will draw the attention of all scientists in the world and lead them to reexamine the fruits of the twentieth century’s research work in the history of science.

Prologue

A valid theory must be developed from a set of true principles. The set of true principles must be based on a set of reasonable assumptions:

1 A superpower is a reason of nature. God, Allah, and Buddha are examples of a superpower. Tien-Tao （天道）is a reason of nature.

2 Assume a principle is true until the principle is proven to be false.

3 Assume a theory is false until the theory is proven to be true.

4 Knowledge and beliefs form a logical system in the human mind.

5 Humans have an essential consciousness about truth, kindness, and beauty.

Tien-Tao is not a religious name. Tien-Tao is Lao-Tzu’s （老子）deepest principle of life and reason of nature. Lao-Tzu was an ancient Chinese philosopher before Confucianism. Tien-Tao means “above nature” or “reason of nature.”

What is reason of nature? What does reason in nature mean? Indeed, reason means existing or nonexisting （有無）.When logical answers exist, reason is a reason. When logical answers do not exist, there is no reason. If reason exists in a natural phenomenon, the natural phenomenon becomes a phenomenon because we know the reason. If we don’t know the reason of a natural phenomenon, the reason is nonexisting in the natural phenomenon. A natural phenomenon is still a natural phenomenon because there is no reason. We don’t need to give reasons for every natural phenomenon.

There was a famous theoretical physicist who said in the early 1920s, “Aside from Einstein, there are three persons who understand the relativity theories, but I don’t know who those three people are.”

Scientists at that time assumed that their principles were true (assumption no. 2) and Einstein’s new theories and postulates were not true (assumption no. 3).

After ninety years, most scientists believe they understand what relativity theories mean at large in the universe and in particular in quantum mechanics (assumption no. 2). I think most of scientists believe the theory rather than understand the theory. With the additional knowledge we have in science, we know something is incorrect about their theories (assumption no. 3). But without a better, new theory to replace their theories, they are still more intelligent than us. Physical experiments and observations are not enough for scientific development. We need thought experiment to correct thought experiment (assumption no. 3).

In searching for a unified force, Einstein led us on the right track. He believed that the unified force for all fundamental forces must be in nature—space, time, and speed of light. But his postulate “Nothing is faster than the speed of light” and using the speed of light as a constant in his energy formula got him in trouble. There are lots of things that are faster than the speed of light.

Time is capable of measuring anything that is faster than the speed of light.

The speed of light is not a constant in water, in fiber-optic cable, or in airspace or outer space. Since there is no absolute vacuum (or perfect vacuum) in universal space, and there exists ether, cosmic radiation, photon, rays, and unknown particles existing in universal space, light always has a variable speed in long-distance travel and light always has a certain degree of curvature when traveling from one density

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