A Literary and Historical Atlas of Asia. J. G. Bartholomew
by Mahrattas, 1685; captured by Wellesley, 1803.
Buxar, Bengal. 26N. 84E. Mir Kasim defeated by Sir Hector Munro, 1764. Of literary interest as res. of writers of Vedic hymns.
Cæsarea, Palestine. 32N. 35E. F. by Herod the Great on site of Strato's Tower. Famous in biblical history as city in which St. Peter preached to Cornelius, and St. Paul was incarcerated for two years. Vespasian became emperor, 69; Eusebius was bishop, 315–318; captured by Crusaders but regained by Saladin, 1101; destroyed by Sultan Bibars, 1265. (See Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')
Calah, Asiatic Turkey. 36N. 43E. One of ancient capitals of Assyria; f. by Shalmaneser I., c. 1300 B.C.; rebuilt by Asurnazirpal, 880 B.C. Ruins discovered by Sir A. H. Layard, 1845.
Calcutta, Bengal. 23N. 88E. F. by Governor Job Charnock, 1686; Fort William established, 1696; besieged by Surajah Dowlah, Nawab of Bengal, and captives imprisoned in the 'Black Hole,' 1756; recaptured by Clive, 1757; chief seat of British government, 1773. (See Kipling's 'City of Dreadful Night.')
Calicut, Madras. 11N. 76E. Covilham landed here, 1486; Vasco da Gama, 1498; Captain Keeling, 1615. Don Fernando Coutinho repulsed, 1509; devastated by Hyder Ali, 1765; taken by British, 1782; by Tippoo Sahib, 1788; re-taken by British, 1790. (See Burton's 'Goa and the Blue Mountains,' also 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')
Cambay, Bombay. 22N. 73E. Taken by General Goddard, 1780; given to Mahrattas, 1783; ceded to British, 1803. (See Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')
Cana, Palestine. 33N. 35E. Famous in biblical history as scene of Christ's first miracle. Bp. of his disciple Simon.
Cannanore, Madras. 12N. 75E. Visited by Vasco de Gama, 1498.
Canton, China. 23N. 113E. Bogue forts captured by British, 1841; city occupied by French and British forces, 1857. (See Little's 'Far East,' Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')
Capernaum ('village of Nahum'), Palestine. 33N. 36E. City in which Christ resided, and performed many miracles; home of St. Matthew. (See Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')
Carchemish, Asiatic Turkey. 37N. 38E. Captured by Tiglath-pileser I., c. 1120 B.C.; Josiah killed by Necho II. of Egypt, 609 B.C.; Necho vanquished by Nebuchadnezzar, 605 B.C.
Carmel, Palestine. 33N. 35E. Mountain on which Elijah slaughtered the priests of Baal. Napoleon used one of the monasteries situated here as a hospital, 1799. Visited by Lamartine, 1832.
Cawnpur ('city of Krishna'), United Provs. 26N. 80E. Scene of the massacre of Europeans by Nana Sahib during Mutiny, 1857. (See Trevelyan's 'Cawnpore.')
Cayster, Asia Minor. 38N. 28E. River made famous by Virgil in the 'Georgics' and Ovid in the 'Metamorphoses.' Remains of Ephesus are near its mouth.
Celebes, Malay Archipelago. 4S. 121E. Discovered by Portuguese, 1512; established fort at Macassar, 1525; driven out by Dutch, 1660; taken by British, but yielded to Dutch, 1814.
Ceylon, Indian Ocean. 8N. 81E. Visited by Portuguese, 1505; driven from island by Dutch, 1658; ceded to Britain by Treaty of Amiens, 1802; annexed, 1815.
Chakan, Bombay. 19N. 74E. Captured by Malik Ahmad, 1486; by Shaista Khan, 1662; by Lieut.-Col. Deacon, 1818.
Chakdaha, Bengal. 23N. 89E. Bp. of Karta Baba, who f. the Kartabhaja sect.
Champaner, Bombay. 22N. 74E. Taken by Mahmoud Begara, 1484; plundered by Humayun, 1535.
Chanar, United Provs. 25N. 83E. Supposed to have been f. by Bhartrinath. Taken by Humayun, 1537; by Akbar, 1575; attempted seizure by Major Munro, 1763. Near fort is tomb of Saint Shah Kasim Sulaimani.
Chandaur, Bombay. 20N. 74E. Taken by the Mogols, 1635; by Aurungzebe, 1665; by Colonel Wallace, 1804; British possession, 1818.
Chanderi, Central India. 25N. 78E. Seized by Ghiyas-ud-din, 1251; by Mahmoud Khilji I., 1438; by Jean Baptiste Filose, 1811; by Sir Hugh Rose, 1858.
Chandernagore ('city of the moon'), Bengal. 23N. 88E. Ceded to French by Aurungzebe, 1688; taken by British, 1757; restored to French, 1816.
Chandragiri, Madras. 14N. 79E. Said to have been f. by Immadi Narashima Yadava Rayalu, 1000. Res. of deposed Vijayanagar kings. Conquered by Hyder Ali, 1782.
Charsadda, Punjab. 34N. 72E. Mentioned by Ptolemy and Arrian; visited by Hieun Tsiang.
Chaul, Bombay. 19N. 73E. Occupied by Portuguese, 1516; pillaged by Gujerat troops, 1529; Ahmadnagar army defeated by Portuguese, 1594; taken by Mahrattas, 1740.
Chemulpo, Korea. 37N. 127E. In Russian-Japanese war, Russians defeated by Admiral Urin, 1904. (See McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis.')
Chengalput, Madras. 13N. 80E. Said to have been f. by Timmarajah. Captured by French, 1751; by Clive, 1752; place of refuge of British troops, 1780.
Chetwai, Madras. 11N. 76E. Occupied by Dutch, 1717; taken by Hyder Ali, 1776; British possession, 1790.
Chhapia, United Provs. 27N. 82E. Bp. of Swami Narayan, incarnation of Krishna.
Chidambaram ('the atmosphere of wisdom'), Madras. 11N. 80E. Taken by French, 1753; unsuccessfully attacked by British, 1759; captured by Major Monson, 1760; unsuccessfully attacked by Sir Eyre Coote, 1781.
Chi-fu, China. 38N. 122E. Convention held between Sir Thomas Wade and Li Hung Chang, 1876; meeting-place of blockade runners, 1904–5.
Chiknayakanhilli, Madras. 13N. 77E. Pillaged by Mahrattas, 1791. Burial-place of Dodda Deva Rajah.
Chillianwallah, Punjab. 33N. 74E. Sikhs defeated in doubtful battle by Lord Gough, 1849. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
Chinchvad, Bombay. 19N. 74E. Res. of Moroba, incarnation of Ganpati, and scene of his miracles.
Chin-Kiang, China. 35N. 108E. Partially destroyed by Tai-pings, 1853.
Chinsurah, Bengal. 23N. 88E. F. by Dutch, 1656; routed by British under Colonel Forde, 1758; occupied by British, 1795; restored to Dutch, 1814; ceded to British, 1825.
Chitakul, Bombay. 15N. 74E. Captured by Portuguese, 1752; by Fazl-ullah Khan, 1763.
Chitrakut, United Provs. 25N. 81E. Mentioned in the 'Ramayana' as scene of wanderings of Rama and Sita, and here they were sought out by Bharat.
Chittagong, Burma. 22N. 92E. Visited by Portuguese, 1618; belonged to Mogol empire, 1666; taken by British, 1760.
Chupni, Bengal. 25N. 92E. Bp. of Akhay Kumar Datta, prose-writer of Bengal.
Cnidus, Asia Minor. 37N. 27E. Supposed to have been f. by Triopas. Famous for the worship of Venus. Near the coast of Cnidus Conon defeated the Spartan fleet, 314 B.C. Bp. of Eudoxus, Ctesias, and Sostratus.
Cochin, Madras. 10N. 76E. Taken from the Portuguese by Dutch, 1633; captured by British, 1795; ceded by treaty to British, 1814. Visited by Vasco da Gama, 1502; by St. Francis Xavier, 1530. (See Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')
Coimbatore, Madras. 11N. 77E. Taken by British from Tippoo Sahib, 1799.
Colgong, Bengal. 25N. 87E. Death of Ghiyas-ud-din Mahmoud, last king of Bengal, took place here, 1539.
Colombo, Ceylon. 7N. 80E. Taken by Portuguese, 1517; ousted by Dutch, 1603; conquered by British, 1796.
Colophon, Asia Minor. 38N. 27E. Supposed to have been f. by Andracmon of Pylos or by Mopsus. Bp. of Homer, Mimnermus, and Nicander.