A Literary & Historical Atlas of America. J. G. Bartholomew
Sound, N. Carolina. 36N. 76W. Indecisive battle during Civil W.
Alderman Jones's Sound. 76N. 82W. So named by Baffin, 1616.
Aleutian Islands, N. Pacific. 53N. 173E. Discovered by Bering, 1741.
Allatoona, Georgia. 34N. 84W. Capitulated to Sherman, 1864 (Civil W.). (His signal 'Hold the fort' has been made popular in a well-known hymn.)
Allumette, island, Ottawa River, Quebec. 45N. 77W. Champlain at, 1612.
Amaquemecan, Mexico. 19N. 98W. Cortés at, on his march to Mexico, 1519.
Amazon (Marañon), river, 0N. 50W. So called from the accounts given by Orellana of the warlike women he encountered on its banks. First seen at its mouth by Vincent Yañez Pinzon, 1500; Orellana, who accompanied Gonzalo Pizarro on his expedition from Quito into the interior, sailed down to the mouth from the Rio Napo, 1540; among later explorers were Lope de Aguirre, Pedro de Texeiro, La Condamine, and in the 19th century the naturalists Alfred Wallace, Walter Bates, Poeppig, Agassiz, Orton, and English, American, and French navigators.
Ambato, Ecuador. 1S. 79W. Defeat of Huascar by Atahuallpa, brother Incas of Peru and Quito. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)
America. Visited by Northmen 10th century (see Massachusetts); mainland of the North sighted by John Cabot, 1497; discovered by Columbus during his third voyage, 1498; Vespucci accompanied Ojeda in expedition to, 1499 (there is uncertainty as to V.'s earlier voyage); further explorations of the east coast in 1498–9 by the Cabots; 1500–1 by the Cortereals; 1502 and 1504 by Columbus; 1524 by Verazzani; in 1500 Yañez Pinzon and Cabral discovered Brazil shortly after one another; 1513, Balboa crossed the isthmus of Panama and sighted the Pacific; other explorers of 16th-17th centuries: Cortés, Pizarro, Almagro, De Soto, Magalhaes, Cartier, Champlain, La Salle, Joliet, and Marquette; in the 18th the American travellers Lewis and Clarke, and Pike. The continent was first named after Amerigo Vespucci in a geographical work by Waldseemüller, 1507.
Anaquito, Plains of, Ecuador, 0. 78W. Battle between Gonzalo Pizarro and Blasco Nuñez, Viceroy of Peru, and defeat and death of latter, 1546, (Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)
Anastasia Island, Florida. 29N. 81W. Ribault and his Huguenot followers massacred by Menendez, 1565.
Andes, The. 18S. 65W. Passage of, by Pizarro, 1532. The highest summit is Aconcagua, in the Chilian Andes, ascended by Zurbriggen, 1897; a partial ascent of Chimborazo was made by Humboldt and Bonpland, 1802; Edward Whymper was the first to reach the summit, 1880; ascent of Cotopaxi by Thielmann, 1878; by Whymper, 1880; ascents of other heights were made by Conway, 1898.
Angostura (Ciudad Bolivar), Venezuela. 8N. 63W. F. by Jesuits, 1576, and formerly known as S. Tomas de Nueva Guayana; present name derived from the liberator Bolivar, who here held the congress which converted New Grenada and Venezuela into the single state of Colombia, 1819.
Annapolis, Maryland. 39N. 76W. Settled by Puritans from Massachusetts under Durand, 1649; formerly known as Providence; present name given in honour of Queen Anne; tea burned in harbour by American patriots, 1774; convention for establishing temporary government, 1775. Bp. J. H. Alexander, scientist (1812–67).
Annapolis (former Port Royal), Nova Scotia. 44N. 65W. F. by French, 1604; several times captured by English in following years; by Sir W. Phipps, 1690; again in 1710, and finally ceded to Great Britain, when the change of name took place.
Anticosti, island, Canada. 49N. 63W. Discovered by Cartier, 1534.
Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg. 39N. 77W. Battle between McClellan and Lee, the former remaining victor, Sept. 16–17, 1862 (Civil W.).
Antigua, West Indies. 17N. 61W. Discovered by Columbus, 1493.
Appomattox Court House, Virginia. 37N. 78W. Surrender of the Confederate Gen. Lee to Gen. Grant, 1865.
Apurimac, river, Peru. 13S. 73W. Perilous passage of, effected by Gasca's army, 1548. (Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)
Aquidaban, river, Paraguay. 20S. 55W. Paraguayans defeated at, and the despot Lopez killed, 1870 (war with Brazil).
Aragua, near Barcelona, Venezuela, 10N. 63W. Bolivar and Marino severely defeated by the Royalist forces under Morales, 1814 (S. A. W. Ind.).
Araucania, Chili. 36–39S. 73W. The natives waged devastating warfare with the Spaniards from the first endeavour of the latter to subdue them; in 1773 independence was granted them by Spain; in 1858 M. de Tounens was made king by them; he was taken prisoner by the Chilians; fierce war raged with Chili, 1868–70; now nominally under Chili. An epic poem by Alonzo d'Ercilla commemorates the conflict of the 16th century in which the author himself took part.
Arctic Regions. Early explorers of 16th-18th centuries: Cabot, Sir H. Willoughby, Frobisher, Davis, Hudson, Baffin, Barentz, Bering, Phipps, Cook and Clerke; 19th century: Parry, Ross, Franklin, followed by many others, among the latest being Nansen ('Fram'), and Peary, who finally discovered the North Pole in the present century.
Arena Islands. 22N. 75W. So named by Columbus, 1492.
Arequipa, Peru. 16S. 71W. F. by Pizarro, 1536; Almagro and his Spaniards in, 1537; taken by Chilians, 1883.
Argentine Republic (La Plata), S.A. 35S. 65W. Revolted from Spain, 1810; republic established, 1816; war with Brazil, 1827–28; Rosas dictator, 1835–52; war with France and England, 1838–50; constitution drawn up, 1853; civil war continued till 1862; war with Paraguay, 1865–70.
Arica, Chili. 18S. 70W. Stormed by Chilians and taken from Peruvians, 1880.
Arispe, Sonora, Mexico. 30N. 109W. Count G. de Raousset Boulbon proclaimed a republic in 1853, but was taken and shot.
Arizona, U.S. 34N. 112W. Vasconcellos, follower of Cortés, in, 1526; mission established by Jesuits, 1687, later destroyed by Indians; sold by Mexicans to U.S. Government (Gadsden Purchase), 1850; explored by Lieut. Mowry, 1855; separated from New Mexico and made a territory of the U.S., 1863.
Arkansas, U.S. 35N. 92W. Discovered by De Soto, 1541; Father Marquette in, 1673; colonised by French, 1685; bought by U.S., 1803; admitted to Union, 1836; seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1868.
Arkansas, river. 35N. 92W. Explored by La Harpe, 1722.
Astoria, Oregon. 46N. 123W. Settled by Astor Company, 1810; captured by British and renamed Fort George, 1813; restored to U.S., 1818; boundary dispute settled, 1846. (See work by Washington Irving.)
Asuncion, Paraguay. 25S. 57W. First Spanish settlement in Paraguay f. by Mendoza, 1536 or 1537; Yrala and Cabeza de Vaca were in turn the first governors; overthrow of Belgrano, leader of Paraguayan revolutionaries, by Royalists, 1811 (S. A. W. Ind.). (See Paraguay.)
Atacama, desert of, Chili. 24S. 70W. Crossed by Almagro, the Spanish conqueror of Chili, 1536.
Atlanta, cap. of Georgia. 33N. 84W. Capitulated to Sherman, 1864 (Civil W.).
Augusta, Georgia. 33N. 81W. F. by British under Oglethorpe; surrendered to Americans, 1781 (W. of Ind.).
Ayacucho (formerly Huamanga), Peru. 13S. 74W. F. by Pizarro, 1539; Spaniards defeated by patriots and their power broken, 1824 (also known as battle of Candorcanqui) (S. A. W. Ind.).
Ayohuma, Argentine. Belgrano, leader of the Buenos Ayreans, defeated, 1813 (S. A. W. Ind.) (See Crichfield, 'Rise and Progress of S.A. Republics.')
Baffin's Bay. 72N. 67W. Named after the discoverer, 1616.
Bahama Islands. 25N. 77W. One of these (now identified