Innovation in Clusters. Estelle Vallier

Innovation in Clusters

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5 Introduction I.1. Innovation policies and the clustering process I.2. The cooperation mechanism in a biocluster context: from concept to reality I.3. Acknowledgements

6 PART 1 Persistence and Renewal of the Cluster Concept in Contemporary Innovation Policies 1 From Industrial Districts to Knowledge Valleys: the Legacy of the Cluster 1.1. The industrial district: the oldest ancestor of the cluster 1.2. Spatial concentrations of technological activities 1.3. The valleys of knowledge: interindividual relations as a source of innovation 2 The Management Roots of the Cluster and Its Worldwide Dissemination 2.1. An economic and management concept destined to become a public action mechanism 2.2. Global dissemination of good clustering practices 2.3. The French legislative framework from the 1980s to the 2010s: a favored coming together of science and industry 3 The Cluster Imaginary: Tools, Local Narrative and Promise 3.1. Performative instruments: benchmarking, territorial marketing, visual instrumentation 3.2. The construction of a narrative 3.3. Promises of innovation and employment at the territorial level

7 PART 2 Prevented Synergies: the Case of a Biotechnology Cluster 4 Networking Systems: Repeated but Hindered Initiatives 4.1. Scientific and industrial administration: establishing a recurrent event 4.2. Sharing a technology platform: mutualization or collaboration? 4.3. The institutionalization of conviviality: “la vie de site” 5 Scientific Competition and Economic Competition: Social Fields Spanned by Internal Struggles 5.1. Asynchronous organizations and work rhythms 5.2. A scientific field built from struggle and precarity 5.3. An unstable relationship between economic development and industrial secrets for companies 6 The Avoided Cooperation 6.1. A patchy local network 6.2. Cooperation prevented by paradoxical demands 6.3. Avoidance strategies

8 Conclusion

9 References

10 Index

11 End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

1 Chapter 1Figure 3.1. Changes in square footage dedicated to research structures in the Un...

2 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Cluster workers’ participation in professional events (source: graph...Figure 4.2. Type of platform usage by users (source: graph constructed from ques...Figure 4.3. Institutional affiliation of the 2016 Platform Day participants (sou...

3 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. Age of company directors (source: graph constructed from the Genopol...

4 Chapter 6Figure 6.1. Network between 42 biocluster structures⁵. For a color version of th...Figure 6.2. Intra- and extra-cluster organizational relationships (in France and...