Renewable Energy for Sustainable Growth Assessment. Группа авторов

Renewable Energy for Sustainable Growth Assessment - Группа авторов


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Alkali treatment with 2% NaOH/ Hydrolysis by Commercial cellulase enzymes (Palkonol and Palkosoft)/ fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae HAU-1 and Candida sp. Bioethanol SSCF [27] Cassava stem, leaves, and peels Microwave (MW)assisted alkali pretreatment (300 W, 7 min)/Hydrolysis by triple enzyme cocktail with detoxification/ fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bioethanol SHF [36] Napier grass Hydrolysis by Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei/fermented by Zymomonas mobilis Bioethanol SSCF [37] Sugarcane trash Crude glycerol assisted transition metal and alkali pre-treatment/ hydrolysis by commercial cellulase/fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bioethanol - [38] Taro waste (TW) Hydrolysis by α- amylase from Bacillus licheniformis amyloglucosidase from Aspergillus niger/fermented by Kluyveromyces marxianus K21 Bioethanol SSF/SHF [39]
Companies Cities States
IOCL Panipat Haryana
Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh
BPCL Bargarh Odisha
Bhandara Maharashtra
HPCL Bhatinda Punjab
Badaun Uttar Pradesh
Muzzafarpur Bihar
East and West Godavari Arunachal Pradesh

       3.3.1.3 Micro and Macroalgal Biomass (Third-Generation - 3G)

      Microalgae belong to phytoplankton, a broad genus of plant and Photosynthetic organisms [49, 50]. The wastewater toxins can be removed easily by them. The processing of ethanol from microalgae biomass became a promising source that a decreased environmental effect, with an adequate fixation of CO2 and requiring less arable land [44] and generated bioethanol. Moncada et al. [51] were the first to combine molasses (first-generation feedstock) and microalgal biomass substrates (third-generation feedstock) for the production of ethanol (Table 3.3). This research suggested that sugarcane and microalgae integration appears to be profitable. Microwave-assisted heating wet torrefaction for acid pretreatment (Table 3.3) is a feasible green technology for microalgal biorefinery alternative to fossil fuel [41]. Another promising microalgae species, Golenkinia sp, accomplish microalgae-based renewable energy and wastewater treatment [42] (Table 3.3). For the commercial exploitation of microalgal-based biofuels, the use of all components of microalgal biomass is significant. Seaweeds and marine macroalgae contain high concentrations of starch and cellulose in their tissues. The viability of producing feedstock from seaweed (Ulva sp. (Chlorophyta)) in land-based cultivation has potential in terms of bioethanol [46]. Freshwater macroalgae feedstocks are potential for bioenergy generation (Table 3.3). The presence of lipid content of 18.6% in macroalgae biomass suggests that freshwater macroalgae are a possible biodiesel source [47].


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Types of biomass Biomass Process of conversion Biofuel products Reference
Microalgae (third-generation - 3G) Hydrolysed Spirulina biomass in association with molasses Acid hydrolysis and magnetic field (MF) application and Fermentation by S. cerevisiae Bioethanol [28]
Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31 Microwave-assisted heating wet torrefaction and fermentation by S. cerevisiae Bioethanol [41]
Golenkinia sp. SDEC-16 - Biodiesel and wastewater treatment [42]
Scenedesmus sp. CCNM 1077 Fermentation by S.cerevisiae ATCC 6793 Bioethanol [43]
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and PNS photosynthetic bacteria Rhodobacter capsulatus - Bioethanol [44]