Operative Medicine and Responsibility. Helmut Lauschke

      The philosophy of the present time is guessing the essence of things in their truth from the state of the imperfection of knowledge and the constantly compromised virtue of the will to know. Otherwise and in perfection we would have reached the state of knowledge. But it is precisely the imperfection that gives the permanent impetus to philosophical thinking, why the knowledge of the truth of things and around them is so problematic.

       Philosophy deals with the things of the present. Since all things slide into the past and the things of the future are not visible and predictable, it is the movement in the passage of time that causes the changes in things that the truth of a thing may apply for the moment, but in the long run. The present of the future cannot be determined due to the permanent change and changeability.

       The permanence of the change in the world and the things in it (in permanent upheaval) makes it impossible to find, pursue and define the truth of the thing over a longer period of time.

       The philosophy also includes the science of the will, which is a rather unsteady 'organ' (the organ of swaying), that on the straight lines of thought and their 'access routes' predictable, but mostly unpredictable, short circuits, interruptions and breaks in the thought process take place hinders the way of recognizing and realizing the truth and is the cause of the fact that the thought process breaks off prematurely.

      The unsteady in thinking and in the will to think contradict the absolute line of thought in mathematics, which gives philosophy the shine and cleanliness of flawlessness. Free of irrational stumbling blocks, mathematics raises the character of philosophy to the height of sublimity above all the small things with errors in thinking and acting.

      Concept of truth: In his attempt at a solution, Augustine anticipates René Descartes' cogito ergo sum by stating that the existence of the thinker (doubting) is indubitable: “If someone doubts that he lives, remembers, has insights, wants, thinks, knows and judges? [...] Even if someone has doubts about what he wants, he cannot doubt these doubts themselves." - DE TRINITATE X, 10

      Augustine sums it up with “si enim fallor, sum”: “Because (even) if I am wrong, I am (nevertheless).” He uses the ideal truths of mathematics as a model, since the sensory perceptions because of their unreliability and the changeability of the external world do not have these properties. Then the Pythagorean theorem comes to mind: The number is the essence of all things.

      Augustine seeks truth in the human spirit: “Do not look outside! Return to yourself! The truth resides within a person. […] The understanding does not create the truth, but finds it.” - DE VERA RELIGIONE 39, 72F.

      The bottom of all truth are the eternal ideas (and the breath to discover them) that, according to Augustine, exist in God's Spirit. As with Plato, with Augustine the archetypes have the ontologically highest status; they are the essential foundations of all things. The truth becomes available to man in the mediated enlightenment of the spirit by God (illumination or irradiation theory).

      Galileo (1564-1642): Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo, (Florence 1632). The divine spirit (mundus intelligibilis) "radiates" these ideas and rules directly into the human spirit, since the human spirit, other than its material body, is created in God's image (imago dei). The truth is not found outside of man, but in man himself.

      Time conception: Augustine speaks about the three times: the present of the past, the present of the present and the present of the future. According to Augustine, the past, present and future as such do not exist:

      “How can you say that [the past and future times] are when the past is no longer and the future is not yet? The present time, however, if it were always present and did not merge into the past, would no longer be time, but eternity."

      Rather, the past is a memory in the present, and the future an expectation in the present, while the present itself is a moment passing by in our minds from the future into the past. We measure time based on an impression.

       The "impression which the passing things [in our minds] produce and which, when they have passed, remains him, the present [we measure], not what has passed and produced it."

      As a modern derivation: Time as such cannot be grasped by the mind, even if we live and die in and with it. It may be the breathing