X-Ray Fluorescence in Biological Sciences. Группа авторов

      1  Cover

      2  Title Page

      3  Copyright Page

      4  List of Contributors

      5  Preface

      6  Part I: General Introduction 1 X‐Ray Fluorescence and Comparison with Other Analytical Methods (AAS, ICP‐AES, LA‐ICP‐MS, IC, LIBS, SEM‐EDS, and XRD) 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Analytical Capabilities of XRF and Micro‐XRF 1.3 Comparison with Other Analytical Methods 1.4 Comparison of XRF and XRD 1.5 Comparison of XRF and Raman Spectroscopy 1.6 Conclusion and Prospects References 2 X‐Ray Fluorescence for Multi‐elemental Analysis of Vegetation Samples 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Features and Analytical Capabilities of XRF Configurations used in Vegetation Sample Analysis 2.3 General Sample Treatment Procedures used for Vegetation Sample Analysis using XRF Techniques 2.4 Applications of XRF in the Field of Vegetation Samples Analysis 2.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives References 3 X‐Ray Fluorescence Studies of Tea and Coffee 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Equipment Used 3.3 Preparation of Samples for Analysis 3.4 Examples of Practical Applications of XRF for Tea Research 3.5 Examples of Practical Applications of XRF for Coffee Research 3.6 Determination of the Elemental Composition of Krasnodar Tea Samples by TXRF and WDXRF 3.7 Interelement Effects and Procedures of their Accounting 3.8 Conclusion References 4 Total Reflection X‐Ray Fluorescence and it’s Suitability for Biological Samples 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Advantages and Limitations of conventional XRF for Elemental Determinations in Biological Systems 4.3 Factors Limiting the Application of XRF for Biological Sample Analysis 4.4 Modifying XRF to Make it Suitable for Elemental Determinations at Trace Levels: Total Reflection X‐Ray Fluorescence (TXRF) Spectrometry 4.5 Suitability of TXRF for Elemental Analysis in Biological Samples References 5 Micro X‐Ray Fluorescence and X‐Ray Absorption near Edge Structure Analysis of Heavy Metals in Micro‐organism 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Effects of Heavy Metals on Microbial Growth 5.3 Application of μ‐XRF and XAS in Understanding the Cycling of Elements Driven by Micro‐organism 5.4 Application of μ‐XRF and XAS in Understanding the Transformation of Elements Driven by Micro‐organisms 5.5 Application of μ‐XRF and XAS in Understanding the Mechanism of Using Micro‐organisms in Bioremediation 5.6 The Advantage of Using μ‐XRF and XAS to Explore the Interaction Mechanism Between Micro‐organisms and Heavy Metals References 6 Use of Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Fluorescence for Clinical Diagnosis 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Determination of Arsenic Concentration in Human Scalp Hair for the Diagnosis of Arsenicosis Disease 6.3 Determination of Lead Concentrations in Human Whole Blood Using EDXRF Technique with Special Emphasis on Evaluating Association of Blood Lead Levels with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) 6.4 Conclusion References 7 Preparation of Sample for X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Solid Samples 7.3 Powder Samples 7.4 Liquid Samples 7.5 Sample Preparation for Infinitely Thick and Intermediate Specimen 7.6 Sample Preparation of Animal Cells 7.7 Sample Preparation of Plant Section 7.8 Precautions During Sample Preparation and Handling 7.9 Conclusion and Future Directions References