A Short History of French Literature. Saintsbury George

A Short History of French Literature - Saintsbury George


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qu'ele iere plus espandue.

      Onques mès n'avoie véue

      Tele iaue qui si bien coroit:

      Moult m'abelissoit et séoit

      A regarder le leu plaisant.

      De l'iaue clere et reluisant

      Mon vis rafreschi et lavé.

      Si vi tot covert et pavé

      Le fons de l'iaue de gravele;

      La praérie grant et bele

      Très au pié de l'iaue batoit.

      Clere et serie et bele estoit

      La matinée et atemprée:

      Lors m'en alai parmi la prée

      Contreval l'iaue esbanoiant,

      Tot le rivage costoiant.

* * * * * *

      Une ymage ot emprès escrite,

      Qui sembloit bien estre ypocrite,

      Papelardie ert apelée.

      C'est cele qui en recelée,

      Quant nus ne s'en puet prendre garde,

      De nul mal faire ne se tarde.

      El fait dehors le marmiteus,

      Si a le vis simple et piteus,

      Et semble sainte créature;

      Mais sous ciel n'a male aventure

      Qu'ele ne pense en son corage.

      Moult la ressembloit bien l'ymage

      Qui faite fu à sa semblance,

      Qu'el fu de simple contenance;

      Et si fu chaucie et vestue

      Tout ainsinc cum fame rendue.

      En sa main un sautier tenoit,

      Et sachiés que moult se penoit

      De faire à Dieu prières faintes,

      Et d'appeler et sains et saintes.

      El ne fu gaie ne jolive,

      Ains fu par semblant ententive

      Du tout à bonnes ovres faire;

      Et si avoit vestu la haire.

      Et sachiés que n'iere pas grasse.

      De jeuner sembloit estre lasse,

      S'avoit la color pale et morte.

      A li et as siens ert la porte

      Dévéée de Paradis;

      Car icel gent si font lor vis

      Amegrir, ce dit l'Évangile,

      Por avoir loz parmi la vile,

      Et por un poi de gloire vaine,

      Qui lor toldra Dieu et son raine.

* * * * * *

      Comment le traistre Faulx-Semblant

      Si va les cueurs des gens emblant,

      Pour ses vestemens noirs et gris,

      Et pour son viz pasle amaisgris.

      'Trop sai bien mes habiz changier,

      Prendre l'un, et l'autre estrangier.

      Or sui chevaliers, or sui moines,

      Or sui prélas, or sui chanoines,

      Or sui clers, autre ore sui prestres,

      Or sui desciples, or sui mestres,

      Or chastelains, or forestiers:

      Briément, ge sui de tous mestiers.

      Or resui princes, or sui pages,

      Or sai parler trestous langages;

      Autre ore sui viex et chenus,

      Or resui jones devenus.

      Or sui Robers, or sui Robins,

      Or cordeliers, or jacobins.

      Si pren por sivre ma compaigne

      Qui me solace et acompaigne,

      (C'est dame Astenance-Contrainte),

      Autre desguiséure mainte,

      Si cum il li vient à plesir

      Por acomplir le sien désir.

      Autre ore vest robe de fame;

      Or sui damoisele, or sui dame,

      Autre ore sui religieuse,

      Or sui rendue, or sui prieuse,

      Or sui nonain, or sui abesse,

      Or sui novice, or sui professe;

      Et vois par toutes régions

      Cerchant toutes religions. Mès de religion, sans faille,

      G'en pren le grain et laiz la paille;

      Por gens avulger i abit,

      Ge n'en quier, sans plus, que l'abit.

      Que vous diroie? en itel guise

      Cum il me plaist ge me desguise;

      Moult sunt en moi mué li vers,

      Moult sunt li faiz aux diz divers.

      Si fais chéoir dedans mes piéges

      Le monde par mes priviléges;

      Ge puis confesser et assoldre,

      (Ce ne me puet nus prélas toldre,)

      Toutes gens où que ge les truisse;

      Ne sai prélat nul qui ce puisse,

      Fors l'apostole solement

      Qui fist cest establissement

      Tout en la faveur de nostre ordre.'

      CHAPTER VIII

      ROMANS D'AVENTURES

      Distinguishing features of Romans d'Aventures.

      The remarkable fecundity of early French literature in narrative poetry on the great scale was not limited to the Chanson de Geste, the Arthurian Romance, and the classical story wrought into the likeness of one or the other of these. Towards the end of the twelfth or the beginning of the thirteenth century a new class of narrative poems arose, derived from each and all of these kinds, but marked by important differences. The new form immediately reacted on the forms which had given it birth, and produced new Chansons de Gestes, new Arthurian Romances, and new classical stories fashioned after its own image. This is what is called the Roman d'Aventures, of which the first and main feature is open and almost avowed fictitiousness, and the second the more or less complete abandonment of any attempt at cyclic arrangement or subordination to a central theme.

      Looser application of the term.

      Classes of Romans d'Aventures.

      Until quite recently it was not unusual to apply the term Roman d'Aventures with less strictness, and to make it include the Romances of the Round Table. There can, however, be no doubt that it is far better to adopt Jean Bodel's three classes as distinguishing into separate groups the epic poetry of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and to restrict the title Romans d'Aventures to the later narrative developments of the thirteenth and fourteenth. For the second distinguishing mark which we have just indicated is striking and of more or less universal application. In these later poems the ambition of the writer to class his work under and with some precedent work is almost entirely absent. He allows himself complete freedom, though he may sometimes, in order to give his characters greater interest, connect them nominally with some famous personage or event of the earlier cycles. This tendency to shake off the shackles of cyclicism is early apparent. There are episodes even in the Chansons de Gestes which have little or no reference to Charlemagne or his peers: the Arthurian Romances in prose and verse contain long digressions, holding but very loosely to the Table Round, such as the adventures of Tristram and Percivale, and still more the singular


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