Английский язык. Учебно-методическое пособие к практическим занятиям для биологов бакалавриата и магистратуры. Шолпан Гумарова
успех, прогресс
safeguard – гарантия, охрана, охранять
scatter – разбрасывать, рассеивать
distressing – огорчительный, внушающий беспокойство
irretrievable – непоправимый, невозместимый
Read the international words and give their Russian equivalents:
engineering, speculate, faculty, problem, ecology, civilization, industry, air, proportions, system, number, variety, expansion, urban, territory, asphalt, production, complexity, chemical, substances, combinations, role, resources, drainage, sphere, reason, reservoir, factory, era, national, ocean, seriously, figure, hectare, atmospheric, billion, ton, genetic, catastrophe, technological, investment, essential, protection, community, public.
I am a student of the Faculty of Geography. My future speciality is applied ecology.
That the problem of pollution and ecology has become the most important one for mankind is evident to all. The more civilization is developing, the greater the ecological problems are becoming. Air, water and soil pollution by industry is now reaching tremendous proportions. It destroys the environment in big cities. Air is polluted mainly by heating systems and cars. You know how heavy the traffic is in big cities. The slower the traffic, the more exhaust fumes there are. The acuteness of the problem depends on how well the country is developed and on the number of cars.
The variety of polluting sources is growing. The expansion of urban territories with asphalt-covered roads, the increase in the production and the complexity of chemical substances and combinations used in everyday life have led to the ever increasing role in polluting water resources played by the drainage from the territory of cities, towns and villages. Such scattered sources of pollution cannot be enclosed in a pipe with a purifier mounted on its outlet.
The sphere of water pollution is broadening. During recent years a new problem appeared – the pollution of ground water. It is caused by a great variety of reasons: numerous waste dumps scattered all over the area and exposed to the influence of rainwater, polluted surface reservoirs, the disposal of sewage from factories (waste matter as well) and the use of water on oilfields.
In our era water pollution is changing from a national to an international problem, especially in territories where rivers cross several countries. The seas and oceans are also becoming seriously polluted.
The figures of the Earth's ecological calamities are distressing. Forests are disappearing at the rate of 20 hectares per minute, or more than 500 000 hectares a year. The volume of atmospheric oxygen annually decreases by 10 billion tons – a consequence of the destruction of forests and the contamination of water reservoirs.
The planet's genetic fund has sustained irretrievable losses: hundreds of species of animals, birds, fish and plants have disappeared forever. All these figures show our race to ecological catastrophe.
Our scientific knowledge and technological advancement make it possible to eliminate It, if people use good will and make considerable Investments for that purpose.
The essential feature of environmental protection is that many problems can be solved only at the level of world community. It is the joint efforts of many scientists and special public organizations that can deal with the problem and make necessary measures to protect the environment.
Joint actions of all countries can eliminate pollution and achieve successes in purifying air, water and soil and in safeguarding national resources.
EXERCISES:
I. Translate the following into English:
protect – protection, pollute – pollution, contaminate – contamination, purify – purifier – purification, environment – environmental, chemistry – chemist – chemical, source – resources, dispose – disposal, sewage – sewerage, lose – loss, eliminate – elimination, advance – advancement.
2. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following words and word-combinations:
проблема загрязнения окружающей среды, загрязнять, человечество, цивилизация, развиваться, дороги с асфальтовым покрытием, дождевая вода, сброшенная вода, исчезать, со скоростью, последствия разрушения, водохранилище, генофонд планеты, экологическая катастрофа, технический прогресс, устранить, сделать значительный вклад, основная черта, защита окружающей среды, разрешить проблему, на уровне мирового сообщества, совместные усилия, общественные организации, принять меры, очистка воздуха, охрана, выхлопные газы, свалка.
3. Open the brackets and use the proper tense:
1) The problem of pollution (become) the most important one for mankind,
2) Air, water and soil pollution (destroy) the environment.
3) The sphere of water pollution (broaden).
4) Water pollution (change) from a national to an international problem.
5) The planet's genetic fund (sustain) irretrievable losses.
4. Make questions of the following statements and then give short answers to each of them:
1) Hundreds of species of animals and plants have disappeared forever.
2) Our scientific knowledge and technological advancement make it possible to eliminate ecological catastrophe.
3) The essential feature of environmental protection is that many problems can be solved only at the level of world community.
4) Joint actions of all countries can eliminate pollution.
5) Air, water and soil pollution by industry is now reaching tremendous proportions.
6) Air is polluted mainly by heating systems and cars.
5. Answer the questions:
1) What is one of the most important problems for mankind now?
2) What is ecology? Give your definition.
3) What are the disadvantages of industrial development?
4) How does water, air, soil become polluted?
5) Why is the problem of water pollution becoming a global problem?
6) Why do the environmental problems require the cooperation of alt nations?
7) What makes it possible to eliminate air, water and soti pollution?
8) Why have you chosen the profession of an ecologist?
UNIT II
New words and expressions:
conservation – охрана природы
desiccation – высушивание
wildlife – живая природа
riverine – речной, прибрежный
pothole – пещера
bounty – щедрость
jeopardy – опасность
alteration – чередование
dam – плотина, преграждать
exacerbate – обострять
attempt – попытка, пытаться
clean-up – уборка, чистка
bird of prey – хищная птица
comprehensive – всесторонний
under