Notes and Queries, Number 182, April 23, 1853. Various
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Notes
POETICAL EPITHETS OF THE NIGHTINGALE
Having lately been making some research among our British poets, as to the character of the nightingale's song, I was much struck with the great quantity and diversity of epithets that I found applied to the bird. The difference of opinion that has existed with regard to the quality of its song, has of course led the poetical adherents of either side to couple the nightingale's name with that very great variety of adjectives which I shall presently set down in a tabular form, with the names of the poetical sponsors attached thereto. And, in making this the subject of a Note, I am only opening up an old Query; for the character of the nightingale's song has often been a matter for discussion, not only for poets and scribblers, but even for great statesmen like Fox, who, amid all the anxieties of a political life, could yet find time to defend the nightingale from being a "most musical, most melancholy" bird.
Coleridge's onslaught upon this line, in his poem of "The Nightingale," must be well known to all lovers of poetry; and his re-christening of the bird by that epithet which Chaucer had before given it:
"'Tis the merry nightingale,
That crowds, and hurries, and precipitates,
With fast thick warble, his delicious notes,
As he were fearful that an April night
Would be too short for him to utter forth
His love-chant, and disburthen his full soul
Of all its music!"
The fable of the nightingale's origin would, of course, in classical times, give the character of melancholy to its song; and it is rather remarkable that Æschylus makes Cassandra speak of the happy chirp of the nightingale, and the Chorus to remark upon this as a further proof of her insanity. (Shakspeare makes Edgar say, "The foul fiend haunted poor Tom in the voice of a nightingale."—King Lear, Act III. Sc. 6.)
Tennyson seems to be almost the only poet who has thoroughly recognised the great variety of epithets that may be applied to the nightingale's song, through the very opposite feelings which it seems to possess the power to awaken. In his Recollections of the Arabian Nights, he says,—
"The living airs of middle night
Died round the Bulbul as he sung;
Not he; but something which possess'd
The darkness of the world, delight,
Life, anguish, death, immortal love,
Ceasing not, mingled, unrepress'd,
Apart from place, withholding time."
Again, in the In Memoriam:
"Wild bird! whose warble, liquid, sweet,
Rings Eden through the budded quicks,
Oh, tell me where the senses mix,
Oh, tell me where the passions meet,
"Whence radiate? Fierce extremes employ
Thy spirit in the dusking leaf,
And in the midmost heart of grief
Thy passion clasps a secret joy."
With which compare these lines in The Gardener's Daughter:
"Yet might I tell of meetings, of farewells,—
Of that which came between, more sweet than each,
In whispers, like the whispers of the leaves
That tremble round a nightingale—in sighs
Which perfect Joy, perplexed for utterance,
Stole from her sister Sorrow."
But the most singular proof that, I think, I have met with, concerning the diversity of opinion touching the song of the nightingale, is to be found in the following example. When Shelley (Prometheus Unbound) is describing the luxurious pleasures of the Grove of Daphne, he mentions (in some of the finest lines he has ever written) "the voluptuous nightingales, sick with sweet love," to be among the great attractions of the place: while Dean Milman (Martyrs of Antioch), in describing the very same "dim, licentious Daphne," is particular in mention that everything there
"Ministers
Voluptuous to man's transgressions"
(even including the "winds, and flowers, and waters"); everything, in short,
"Save thou, sweet nightingale!"
The question is indeed a case of "fierce extremes," as we may see by the following table of epithets, which are taken from the British poets only:
Amorous. Milton.
Artless. Drummond of Hawthornden.
Attick ("Attica aedon"). Gray.
Beautiful. Mackay.
Charmer. Michael Drayton, Philip Ayres.
Charming. Sir Roger L'Estrange.
Cheerful. Philip Ayres.
Complaining. Shakspeare.
Conqueror. Ford
Dainty. Carshaw, Giles Fletcher.
Darkling. Milton.
Dear. Ben Jonson, Drummond of Hawthornden.
Deep. Mrs. Hemans.
Delicious. Crashaw, Coleridge.
Doleful. Shakspeare.
Dusk. Barry Cornwall.
Enchanting. Mrs. T. Welsh.
Enthusiast. Crashaw.
Evening. Chaucer.
Ever-varying. Wordsworth.
Fervent. Mrs. Hemans.
Fond. Moore.
Forlorn. Shakspeare, Darwin, Hood.
Full-hearted. Author of The Naiad (1816).
Full-throated. Keats.
Gentle. The Spanish Tragedy, Dunbar (Laureate to James IV. Scot.), Mrs Charlotte Smith.
Good. Chaucer, Ben Jonson.
Gushing. Campbell.
Hapless. Milton.
Happy. Keats, Mackay.
Harmless. Crashaw, Browne.
Harmonious. Browne.
Heavenly. 1 Chaucer, Dryden, Wordsworth.
Holy. Campbell.
Hopeful. Crashaw.
Immortal. Keats.
Joyful. Moore.
Joyous. Keble.
Lamenting. Shakspeare, Michael Drayton, Drummond of Hawthornden.
Light-foot. Crashaw.
Light-winged. Keats.
Liquid. Milton, Bishop Heber, Tennyson.
Listening. Crashaw, Thomson.
Little. James I. Scot., Philip Ayres, Crashaw.
Lone. Beattie, Mrs. Hemans, Miss London, Mrs. Fanny Kemble, Milman.
Lonely. Countess of Winchilsea (1715), Barry Cornwall.
Loud.
Footnote 1:
The epithets "heavenly," "holy," "solemn," &c., represent the nightingale's song, as spoken of by Keats, as the bird's "plaintive
and by Moore also, in his account of the Vale of Cashmere, as
In