Uncertain Citizenship. Megan Ryburn

      UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

      University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu.

      University of California Press

      Oakland, California

      © 2018 Megan Ryburn

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Names: Ryburn, Megan, author.

      Title: Uncertain citizenship : everyday practices of Bolivian migrants in Chile / Megan Ryburn.

      Description: Oakland, California : University of California Press, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. |

      Identifiers: LCCN 2018014113 (print) | LCCN 2018017092 (ebook) | ISBN 9780520970793 (ebook) | ISBN 9780520298767 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780520298774 (pbk. : alk. paper)

      Subjects: LCSH: Bolivia—Emigration and immigration. | Immigrants—Bolivia—Social conditions. | Foreign workers, Bolivian—Chile—Social conditions. | Bolivians—Chile—Social conditions.

      Classification: LCC HD8268.5.B65 (ebook) | LCC HD8268.5.B65 R93 2018 (print) | DDC 305.868/84083—dc23

      LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018014113

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       For Liz Ryburn, and in memory of Murray Ryburn

      Contents

       List of Illustrations

       Acknowledgments

       Introduction

      1. Citizenship, Migration, and Uncertainty

      2. Places of Uncertain Citizenship

      3. Papeleo

      4. ¿El Sueño Chileno?

      5. Solidaridad

      6. “¿De Dónde Somos?” “¡De Bolivia!”

       Conclusion

       Notes

       Bibliography

       Index

Illustrations

      MAPS

      1. Fieldwork sites in Chile and Bolivia

      2. Territorial boundaries of Chile, Peru, and Bolivia before the War of the Pacific

      3. Contemporary map of Chile, Peru, and Bolivia

      FIGURES

      1. Bathroom, Cristina’s migrant cité, Recoleta, Santiago

      2. Cooking facilities, Cristina’s migrant cité, Recoleta, Santiago

      3. Flower stall, El Agro, Arica

      4. Luz María and her family’s street, Plan 3000, Santa Cruz, Bolivia

      5. Regular migratory status acquisition for Bolivian migrants in Chile

      6. Illustration for International Women’s Day 2015, an homage to migrant women in Chile

      7. Market day in Patacamaya, where rural communities come to trade

      8. The zona franca, Patacamaya

      9. Indigenous flags at demonstration, October 12, 2013

      10. Flyposting during demonstration, October 12, 2013

      11. Riot police move in on demonstration, October 12, 2013

      12. The Anata Andina, Oruro carnival

      13. The Entrada, Oruro carnival

      14. Performing in the Fifth Annual Patronato Carnival

      TABLES

      1. Fees for MERCOSUR Temporary Resident Visa by Country

      2. Adaptation of Doyal and Gough’s (1991) Intermediate Needs, Reflecting Elements of Social Citizenship

Acknowledgments

      First, I want to express my most sincere thanks to all those who participated in the research that became this book. I cannot name you here, but please know that the stories and knowledge you shared with me have been my constant motivation during the long process of completing this project. Mil gracias.

      The project began with my doctoral research at the School of Geography and School of Politics and International Relations at Queen Mary University of London. My heartfelt gratitude goes to Cathy McIlwaine, now at King’s College London, whose expertise and research experience have been, and continue to be, a true inspiration. Her invariably insightful comments on my work during the PhD and beyond, and her kindness, generosity, and mentoring, are deeply appreciated. Very many thanks also to James Dunkerley, who gave valuable feedback throughout my doctoral research, and whose breadth of knowledge and passion for his work I greatly admire. Thanks also to Kavita Datta, whose helpful commentary at the progression stage informed my subsequent approach “in the field” and after. I was additionally very fortunate to have such thorough and constructive examiners in Jasmine Gideon and Davide Però, who helped convince me to pursue writing this book. At Queen Mary, I was lucky enough to undertake the PhD journey with a brilliant cohort. The animated discussions, many curries, and marathon completion (literal and metaphorical) shared with Hayley Peacock, Victoria Pickering, Suzanne Solley, and Annabelle Wilkins are especially acknowledged. The research would not have been possible without a Queen Mary Principal’s Studentship and additional funding for fieldwork from the Queen Mary Postgraduate Research Fund and the Society of Latin American Studies. I am grateful for their support.

      As an LSE Fellow in the Department of Geography and Environment at the London School of Economics and Political Science, I have found an ideal place in which to complete this book. My colleagues in the Urbanisation, Planning and Development research cluster and in the wider department have been so welcoming and encouraging. I owe a particular debt of gratitude to Sylvia Chant, Ryan Centner, Gareth Jones, Claire Mercer, and Austin Zeiderman for the advice and suggestions they have generously given.

      It has been an absolute