Fishes: A Guide to Their Diversity. Philip A. Hastings

      UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

      University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu.

      University of California Press

      Oakland, California

      © 2014 by The Regents of the University of California

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Hastings, Philip A., author.

      Fishes : a guide to their diversity / Philip Alan Hastings, H.J. Walker, and Grantly R. Galland.

      pages cm

      Includes bibliographical references and index.

      ISBN 978-0-520-27872-1 (Cloth) — ISBN 978-0-520-28353-4 (Paper) — ISBN 978-0-520-95933-0 (e-book)

      1. Fishes—Anatomy. 2. Fishes—Classification. 3. Fishes—Identification. I. Walker, H. J. (Harold Jack), 1950– author. II. Galland, Grantly R., 1982– author. III. Title.

      QL615.H37 2014

      597—dc23

      2014011258

      Manufactured in China

      23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992 (R 2002) (Permanence of Paper).

      Cover photographs (top to bottom, left to right): Logperch, Percina caprodes; Roosterfish, Nematistius pectoralis; Fantail Filefish, Pervagor spilosoma; Scribbled Pipefish, Corythoichthys intestinalis; Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus; Nightlight Lanternfish, Myctophum lychnobium; Rockmover Wrasse, Novaculichthys taeniourus; Coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae; Humpback Anglerfish, Melanocetus johnsonii; Horn Shark, Heterodontus francisci. All specimens and photographs are from the Marine Vertebrate Collection, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego.

      Dedicated to the many students of fishes who helped build and maintain the Scripps Institution of Oceanography’s Marine Vertebrate Collection and to all who have built and maintained natural history collections throughout the world

      CONTENTS

      Complete Contents

      Introduction

      Anatomy of Fishes

      THE FISHES: VERTEBRATA—Vertebrates

      Agnatha (Cyclostomata)—Jawless Fishes

      Gnathostomata—Jawed Vertebrates

      Chondrichthyes—Cartilaginous Fishes

      Osteichthyes—Bony Fishes

       Sarcopterygii—Lobe-finned Fishes

      Actinopterygii—Ray-finned Fishes

      Actinopterygii I: Lower Ray-finned Fishes

      Actinopterygii II: Acanthomorpha—Spiny-rayed Fishes

      Glossary

      References

      Index

      Phylogenetic hypothesis including all orders covered in this book

      COMPLETE CONTENTS

      Introduction

       What Is a Fish?

       Why This Book?

       Systematics of Fishes

       About This Book

      Anatomy of Fishes

       External Anatomy

       Body Shapes

       Fins

       Fin-ray Elements and Dorsal-fin Configurations

       Pelvic-fin Positions

       Caudal-fin Shapes

       Mouth Positions

       Oral and Pharyngeal Jaw Diversity

       Standard Measurements

       Sensory Systems

       Skeletal Anatomy

      THE FISHES: VERTEBRATA—Vertebrates

      Agnatha (Cyclostomata)—Jawless Fishes

       Myxiniformes—Myxinidae—Hagfishes

       Petromyzontiformes—Lampreys

       Petromyzontidae—Northern Lampreys

      Gnathostomata—Jawed Vertebrates

      Chondrichthyes—Cartilaginous Fishes

       Holocephali—Chimaeras

       Chimaeriformes—Chimaeras

       Chimaeridae—Ratfishes, Shortnose Chimaeras

       Elasmobranchii—Sharks and Rays

       Selachii—Sharks

       Heterodontiformes—Heterodontidae: Bullhead Sharks

       Orectolobiformes—Carpet Sharks