Rough Waters. Rodney Carisle
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TITLES IN THE SERIES
With Commodore Perry to Japan: The Journal of William Speiden Jr., 1852–1855
Whips to Walls: Naval Discipline from Flogging to Progressive-Era Reform at Portsmouth Prison
Crisis in the Mediterranean: Naval Competition and Great Power Politics, 1904–1914
Home Squadron: The U.S. Navy on the North Atlantic Station
The Sailor’s Homer: The Life and Times of Richard McKenna, Author of The Sand Pebbles
New Perspectives on Maritime History and Nautical Archaeology
James C. Bradford and Gene A. Smith, editors
Rivers, seas, oceans, and lakes have provided food and transportation for man since the beginning of time. As avenues of communication they link the peoples of the world, continuing to the present to transport more commodities and trade goods than all other methods of conveyance combined. The New Perspectives on Maritime History and Nautical Archaeology series is devoted to exploring the significance of the earth’s waterways while providing lively and important books that cover the spectrum of maritime history and nautical archaeology broadly defined. The series includes works that focus on the role of canals, rivers, lakes, and oceans in history; on the economic, military, and political use of those waters; on the exploration of waters and their secrets by seafarers, archeologists, oceanographers, and other scientists; and upon the people, communities, and industries that support maritime endeavors. Limited by neither geography nor time, volumes in the series contribute to the overall understanding of maritime history and can be read with profit by both general readers and specialists alike.
This book has been brought to publication with the generous assistance of Marguerite and Gerry Lenfest.
NAVAL INSTITUTE PRESS
291 Wood Road
Annapolis, MD 21402
© 2017 by Rodney Carlisle
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Carlisle, Rodney P., author.
Title: Rough waters: sovereignty and the American merchant flag / Rodney P. Carlisle with Bradford Smith.
Description: Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, [2017] | Series: New perspectives on maritime history and nautical archaeology | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016030922 (print) | LCCN 2016045418 (ebook) | ISBN 9781682470879 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Ships—Registration and transfer—United States—History. | Flags of convenience—United States—History. | Ship transfers to foreign registry—United States—History. | Merchant marine—United States—History. | BISAC: HISTORY / Military / Naval.
Classification: LCC HE589.U5 C37 2017 (print) | LCC HE589.U5 (ebook) | DDC 387.50973—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016030922
25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
First printing
Book design and composition: Alcorn Publication Design
Contents
List of Tables
Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviations
Introduction: The Flight from Flag to Flag
1. The Maritime Code Duello
2. Right of Search, 1812–58
3. Flagging-Out in the U.S. Civil War
4. The Flag Insulted, 1865–95
5. The New American Empire and the Muscat Dhows Decision
6. Attacks on the American Merchant Flag as Casus Belli in World War I
7. Danzig, the Missing Link in Flags of Convenience
8. Panama, 1919–39
9. Neutrality and War
10. Sovereignty for Sale
11. Challenges Ashore and at Sea, 1955–80
12. The Marshall Islands Register
13. Second Registers and Port-State Control
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Index
1. Rise and Decline of the American Merchant Fleet in Foreign Trade, 1830–90
2. American Ship Incidents, 1886–95
3. U.S. Shipping Lines, 1899–1914
4. Major Tanker Oil Spills, 1967–79
5. Foreign Registry of Ships over 1,000 Gross Registered Tons in Eight Major Ship-Owning Countries
I wish to thank the following people for specific and general suggestions: Paul Adamthwaite, George Billy, Jim Bradford, Elizabeth De Sombre, Paul Fontenoy, John Hattendorf, Jamie Rife, Gene Allen Smith, and Josh Smith. Bruce Dennis provided professional help in locating documents in the British National Archives. Joseph Gibbs tracked Omani records in the library of the American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Thanks are also due to the anonymous peer reviewers at the journal of the North American Society of Oceanic History, Northern Mariner, for their many helpful suggestions and to the editor of the journal, Roger Sarty, for permission to reproduce the elements of chapters 2–8, 13, and 14 that previously appeared in the journal. Sarty’s encouragement and fine critiques were invaluable. Discussions with participants at North American Society of Oceanic History conferences led to refinement of my thinking and many helpful leads. I am particularly grateful to my wife, Loretta Carlisle, for her patience and support.
| ACFN | American Committee of Flags of Necessity |
| ACN | amity, commerce, and navigation |
| AMEX | American Stock Exchange |
| ANAVE | Asociación de Navieros Españoles |