Mapungubwe. Thomas Huffmann
Besides ivory debris, excavations at Schroda also uncovered a large quantity of exotic glass beads. These beads show that the Indian Ocean ivory trade had reached Southern Africa by this time. Later Portuguese accounts describe how the trade followed the rhythms of the monsoons. Such goods as ivory, gold, rhino horn, leopard skins and iron were taken from the interior to coastal stations in Mozambique, such as Sofala (in what is now the Bazaruto area), where Arab/Swahili dhows transported them up the coast to the most powerful Arab/Swahili city, Mogadishu.
After the goods were taxed, traders sailed on the easterly monsoon winds to Arabia and India. There they exchanged the African goods for such items as glass beads, cotton and silk cloths, and glazed ceramics. On the reverse monsoon, the traders returned to Mogadishu, where they were taxed again, before sailing down the coast to Sofala to begin another cycle. Zhizo people controlled the Shashe-Limpopo portion of this trade for about 100 years.
Trade routes in the Indian Ocean network
K2
K2, looking northeast across the old excavations
The capital
Around AD 1000, Leopard’s Kopje people from further south moved into the basin. The widespread replacement of Zhizo pottery by the Leopard’s Kopje style shows that Leopard’s Kopje people took over the area. The Zhizo chiefdom moved west into Botswana and abandoned the basin altogether.
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