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2 Classification of Phytotoxins and their Mechanisms of Action
Andrew G. Mtewa1,2,3, Chukwuebuka Egbuna4,5, Kennedy J. Ngwira6, Fanuel Lampiao7, Umang Shah8, and Thokozani Kachulu Mtewa9
1 Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, WCAIR, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
2 Chemistry Section, Malawi Institute of Technology, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Limbe, Malawi
3 Pharmbiotechnology and Traditional Medicine Center (PHARMBIOTRAC), Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
4 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria
5 Nutritional Biochemistry and Toxicology Unit, World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence, Centre for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE‐PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
6 Institute of Molecular Science, School of Chemistry, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
7 Africa Centre of Excellency in Public Health and Herbal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
8 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India
9 Department of Water Resources, Ndata School of Climate and Earth Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Limbe, Malawi
CONTENTS
1 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Endophytic Phytotoxins 2.1.2 Secondary Metabolites
2 2.2 Possible Categorization 2.2.1 Biological Characteristics 2.2.2 Chemical Characteristics
3 2.3 Currently Available Classification Tools
4 2.4 Role of Phytotoxin Classification 2.4.1 Drug Discovery 2.4.2 Environmental Monitoring 2.4.3 Phytotoxins, Aquatic Life, and Water Quality 2.4.4 Air Contamination 2.4.5 Food Contamination 2.4.6 Security and Safety Services 2.4.7 Agricultural
5
2.5