Evidence in Medicine. Iain K. Crombie
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Table of Contents
1 Cover
4 Preface
5 Aims of this Book REFERENCES
6 CHAPTER 1: The Rationale for Treatment THEORY AS JUSTIFICATION FOR TREATMENT TESTING ON A SERIES OF PATIENTS COMPARING GROUPS COMPARING SIMILAR GROUPS CASTING LOTS AND TREATMENT ALLOCATION RANDOM NUMBERS FOR TREATMENT ALLOCATION THE NEED FOR BLINDING CONCLUSION REFERENCES
7 CHAPTER 2: Sources of Bias in Randomised Controlled Trials METHOD OF TREATMENT ALLOCATION PROBLEMS IN MEASURING THE OUTCOME FOLLOW‐UP AND MISSING OUTCOMES MISSING OUTCOME DATA AND INTENTION TO TREAT OTHER METHODOLOGICAL CONCERNS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES
8 CHAPTER 3: Wasted and Unhelpful Trials WASTED STUDIES NEGLECTED AREAS OF RESEARCH UNHELPFUL OUTCOME MEASURES LACK OF GENERALISABILITY WEAK AND MISLEADING EVIDENCE CONCLUSION REFERENCES
9 CHAPTER 4: Can the Analysis Bias the Findings? THE P‐VALUE PROBLEM QUESTIONABLE RESEARCH PRACTICES ENSURING HIGH QUALITY ANALYSIS: THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PLAN CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES
10 CHAPTER 5: Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis INTRODUCTION IDENTIFYING RELEVANT TRIALS EXTRACTING TRIAL DATA THE QUALITY OF PRIMARY TRIALS POOLING EFFECT SIZES ACROSS TRIALS OTHER METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES
11 CHAPTER 6: Fabrication, Falsification and Spin FABRICATION FALSIFICATION QUESTIONABLE RESEARCH PRACTICES SPIN Drawing Misleading Conclusions RETRACTIONS DISCUSSION REFERENCES
12 CHAPTER 7: Why Do Researchers Falsify Data or Manipulate Study Findings? THE RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH OVERSIGHT CONFLICT OF INTEREST INDIVIDUAL LEVEL EXPLANATIONS FOR RESEARCH MISCONDUCT HOW HONEST PEOPLE RATIONALISE MISCONDUCT DISCUSSION REFERENCES
13 CHAPTER 8: Developing a Strategy to Prevent Poor Quality and Misleading Research RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH TRANSPARENCY RESEARCH OVERSIGHT RESEARCH INTEGRITY ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF A TRANSFORMATIONAL STRATEGY IMPLEMENTING A PROGRAMME FOR ACTION REFERENCES
14 Appendix 1: Summary of the Key Findings on Poor Quality Research