Electromagnetic Methods in Geophysics. Fabio Giannino
Tomography view at 60cm below ground. Black arrows point at the ...Figure 7.96 Tomography view at 71cm below ground. Black arrows point at the ...Figure 7.97 Tomography view at 75cm below ground. Black arrows point at the ...Figure 7.98 Tomography view at 90cm below ground. Black arrows point at the ...Figure 7.99 Tomography view at 101cm below ground. Black arrows point at the...Figure 7.100 Tomography view at 110cm below ground. Black arrows point at th...Figure 7.101 Tomography view at 60cm below ground. The green solid lines are...Figure 7.102 tomography view at 76cm below ground. The green solid lines are...Figure 7.103 Tomography view at 90cm below ground. The green solid lines are...Figure 7.104 export of the targets in CAD compatible format.Figure 7.105 the survey area in Scandinavia.Figure 7.106 The survey area and its dimension.Figure 7.107 The Stream C system during the site operations.Figure 7.108 Coverage of the GPR survey. Blue polygons indicate the footprin...Figure 7.109 tomography view at 43cm below ground.Figure 7.110 tomography view at 59 cm below ground.Figure 7.111 tomography view at 61 cm below ground.Figure 7.112 tomography view at 65 cm below ground.Figure 7.113 tomography view at 175 cm below ground.Figure 7.114 Tomography view at 171 cm below ground. The black, red, and yel...Figure 7.115 View of the targets identified. The black, red, and yellow soli...Figure 7.116 Taiwan.Figure 7.117 The Stream EM system.Figure 7.118 The survey area.Figure 7.119 Coverage of the GPR survey at the Taiwan urban site. Blue polyg...Figure 7.120 3D view from top.Figure 7.121 3D view from bottom.Figure 7.122 targets (man‐hole covers in blue, pipes in green, and cavity lo...Figure 7.123 export of the targets from GPR merged with the point cloud of t...Figure 7.124 export of the targets from GPR merged with the point cloud of t...Figure 7.125 export of the targets from GPR merged with the point cloud of t...Figure 7.126 (a) Schematic of the set up for EC1. (b) Picture of the setup....Figure 7.127 Experimental configuration of the setup for two of the experime...Figure 7.128 Layout for the EC3: (a) The SE (metallic wire) on the road surf...Figure 7.129 Radar sections for EC1. From top to bottom: dry condition; slig...Figure 7.130 Radar sections acquired through the 200 MHz antenna. Upper pane...Figure 7.131 Radar sections acquired through the 600 MHz antenna: upper pane...Figure 7.132 Percentage variation of the velocity in the subsoil.Figure 7.133 Georadar profile, perpendicular to the pipe, acquired through t...Figure 7.134 Upper panel: B‐scan with the antenna at 600 MHz; lower panel: B...Figure 7.135 Zoom on the Bscan of fig. 15 upper panel.Figure 7.136 Orthogonal profiles at the abscissas 16.4 m and 18 m.Figure 7.137 Location of the survey site: via Luca Antonio Resta, Mesagne, (...Figure 7.138 South‐West Brindisi Provincia Geological Map;Figure 7.139 Photos: a) example of cracks (labeled L) developed in several b...Figure 7.140 Comparison between data set (500 MHz antenna) before (a) and af...Figure 7.141 Time slice for the 20–34 ns time window (0.7 m–1.2 m depth). T ...Figure 7.142 (a) (top) Raw radar section. Velocity analysis with the diffrac...Figure 7.143 Lateral velocity variations across the area in the time window ...Figure 7.144 The IDS GeoRadar HiBrigHT GPR System.Figure 7.145 The survey acquisition scheme.Figure 7.146 The survey acquisition scheme.Figure 7.147 data acquisition lines marked on asphalt with chalk (indicated ...Figure 7.148 The Tomography view of the migrated data (amplitude of the EM s...Figure 7.149 the export of the points of reflection of the GPR signal due to...Figure 7.150 The B scans at Area 1.Figure 7.151 The B scans at Area 1.Figure 7.152 The Amplitude Map at Area 1.Figure 7.153 The Moisture Map at Area 1.Figure 7.154 The Concrete Map at Area 1.Figure 7.155 Survey area. Red polygon indicates the area where FDEM measurem...Figure 7.156 Survey area. The red polygon indicates the area where FDEM meas...Figure 7.157 The data acquisition phase with the Geonics EM 31.Figure 7.158 FDEM results. Apparent Conductivity map relating with the acqui...Figure 7.159 FDEM results. In Phase component map relating with the acquisit...Figure 7.160 Survey area. Red polygon indicates the area where FDEM measurem...Figure 7.161 Survey area. Red polygon indicates the area where FDEM measurem...Figure 7.162 Survey area. Preparation of the trial field. Placing the bricks...Figure 7.163 Survey area. Preparation of the trial field. Placing the tires ...Figure 7.164 Survey area. Preparation of the trial field. Placing the metal ...Figure 7.165 Survey area. GPS positions of the acquisition lines.Figure 7.166 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. Apparent Electrical Co...Figure 7.167 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. Apparent Electrical Co...Figure 7.168 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. Apparent Electrical Co...Figure 7.169 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. In phase component map...Figure 7.170 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. In phase component map...Figure 7.171 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. In phase component map...Figure 7.172 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. Quadrature component m...Figure 7.173 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. Quadrature component m...Figure 7.174 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. Quadrature component m...Figure 7.175 FDEM results with Geonics EM31. Apparent Electrical Conductivit...Figure 7.176 FDEM results with Geonics EM31. Apparent Electrical Conductivit...Figure 7.177 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. Apparent Electrical Co...Figure 7.178 Survey area. Red polygon indicates the area where FDEM measurem...Figure 7.179 Survey area. Red polygon indicates the area where FDEM measurem...Figure 7.180 Survey area. Sub‐area 1. Blue lines indicate the GPS positions ...Figure 7.181 Survey area. Sub‐area 2. Blue lines indicate the GPS positions ...Figure 7.182 Survey area. Sub‐area 4. Blue lines indicate the GPS positions ...Figure 7.183 Survey area. Sub‐area 5. Blue lines indicate the GPS positions ...Figure 7.184 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. Apparent electrical Co...Figure 7.185 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. Apparent electrical Co...Figure 7.186 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. Apparent electrical Co...Figure 7.187 Image of the survey area with indication of a few elements usef...Figure 7.188 Apparent Electrical Conductivity map at 2 KHz, superimposed to ...Figure 7.189 Apparent Electrical Conductivity map at 9 KHz, superimposed to ...Figure 7.190 Apparent Electrical Conductivity map at 15 KHz, superimposed to...Figure 7.191 Aerial photo of the survey area. Here the points named A, B, C ...Figure 7.192 Survey area. The yellow circle indicates the presence of two ho...Figure 7.193 Apparent Conductivity map.Figure 7.194 In Phase Component map.Figure 7.195 Apparent Electric Conductivity map overlaid to aerial photo.Figure 7.196 In Phase Component map overlaid to aerial photo.Figure 7.197 Location map of the Italian reference and calibration site. (a)...Figure 7.198 The Geonics 47 data calibrated at the Lyngby test site (Denmark...Figure 7.199 Signal and noise responses measured for the ultra‐high (UH), ve...Figure 7.200 WSW–ENE resistivity section. Smooth inversion results calculate...Figure 7.201 Field data (error bar), forward responses (solid line) and reco...Figure 7.202 Joint inversion result of the collected Geonics 47 and WalkTEM ...Figure 7.203 (a) 1‐D reference resistivity model of the San Rossore referenc...Figure 7.204 Comparison between the reference response (blue curve) and the ...Figure 7.205 (a) Forward response of the calibrated 100 × 100 m loop data pl...Figure 7.206 Location and digital elevation model of the Spiritwood AeroTEM ...Figure 7.207 Inversion results for the AeroTEM survey. The recovered 1D resi...Figure 7.208 (a) AeroTEM and (b) VTEM resistivity models along seismic line ...Figure 7.209 Histogram of layer resistivities for all 1D 29‐layer smooth inv...Figure 7.210 Automatic segmentation of lithology for model cross section M1 ...Figure 7.211 AeroTEM resistivity along model cross section M2. Solid black l...Figure 7.212 Ground‐based TEM data and inversion results forc80 × 80 m centr...Figure 7.213 AeroTEM resistivity along model cross section M3. The solid bla...Figure 7.214 A 3D depiction of the bottom erosional surfaces of all buried v...Figure 7.215 Bedrock topography of the 3D geologic model obtained via interp...Figure 7.216 (a) Seismic reflection profiles S2 (left) and S6 (right). Red l...Figure 7.217 (a) Three‐dimensional voxel‐based lithological model of a selec...Figure 7.218 (a) VTEM resistivity model along seismic line S1. (b) A 3D depi...Figure 7.219 The 3D visualization of the voxel‐based geologic model of the b...Figure 7.220 EM survey lines over government geological map. For comparison ...Figure 7.221 Example of transients affected by IP (red bars represent negati...Figure 7.222 Distribution of sum of log10(abs(∑(negatives)), in pV/Am4 (abov...Figure 7.223 Distribution of time constant τ over interval C (cf Table 7.2)....Figure 7.224 Scatter plot and corresponding linear regression showing correl...Figure 7.225 Sensitivity of IP scanner to the metric of decay rate interval ...Figure 7.226 Sensitivity of IP scanner to the metric of decay rate interval ...Figure 7.227 Sensitivity of IP scanner to the metric of the sum of negatives...Figure 7.228 “AIP scanner” map, with dark blue = no AIP, yellow‐orange‐red =...Figure 7.229 Inverted chargeability section compared against profile of AIP ...Figure 7.230 Resistivity models obtained with AIP modelling (top) and withou...Figure 7.231 Resistivity models obtained with AIP modelling (top) and withou...Figure 7.232 Chargeability section accompanying