Английский язык. С. Ю. Дмитриева
compression – сжатие
to ignite – воспламенять(ся) зажигать
spark plug – запальная свеча
approximately – приблизительно
downward (upward) – движение вниз (вверх)
exhaust gases – отработанные (выхлопные) газы
valve – клапан
spring – пружина
Answer the questions.
1. What is internal combustion engine?
2. What process produces force in the engine?
3. Who created the first ICE?
4. What are the main strokes in the ICE?
5. Can you describe them?
One of mankind s earliest and greatest inventions was the wheel. Without it there could be no industry, little transportation or communications, only crude farming, no electric power. Nobody knows when the wheel was invented. There is no trace of the wheel during the Stone Age, and it was not known to the American Indians until the White Man came. In the Old World it came into use during the Bronze Age, when horses and oxen were used as work animals.
At first all wheels were solid discs. The problem to be solved was to make the wheels lighter and at the same time keep them strong. At first holes were made in the wheels, and they became some with iron and then with rubber.
Wordlist
mankind – человечество
trace – след
to come into use – найти свое применение
Bronze Age – Бронзовый Век
solid – прочный, твердый
hole – отверстие
Answer the questions.
1. What was one of the greatest world's inventions?
2. When was the wheel invented?
3. What was the problem to be solved with the wheels?
4. What was the wheel covered with?
Isaac Newton is generally regarded as one of the greatest and most famous scientists in history. Newton was an astronomer, physicist, mathematic and philosopher who is known for theorizing and reporting on gravitational force and three laws of motion.
Isaac Newton discovered that white light is made up of a spectrum of colours, that when blender together produce the white light. He showed by use of a prism that white light can be split into a spectrum of colours and then used a second prism to show this spectrum can then be rejoined to produce white light. Newton also theorized that light was composed of particles but had to associate the property of light with waves in order to explain refraction of light.
Wordlist
to be regarded – считаться, быть известным как…
gravitational force – сила гравитации
colour – цвет
light – свет
property – свойство
wave – волна
Answer the questions:
1. What were the spheres of Isaac Newton's interests?
2. How is white light produced?
3. What was his theory about light waves?
Ernest Rutherford is called the Newton of atomic physics. He was recognized by his fellow scientists as a man of colossal energy and tireless enthusiasm.
Ernest Rutherford was born in New Zealand. He graduated from New Zealand University and entered Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1919 he was appointed a Professor of experimental physics in the University of Cambridge. E. Rutherford’s early researches concerned electromagnetic waves.
His experiments led him to develop a magnetic detector, which at that time was the best detector of electromagnetic waves. His detector was later used by Marconi, one of the inventors of the radio, in his wellknown investigations. Rutherford’s big triumph began when he turned his attention to radioactivity. His brilliant researches established the existence and nature of radioactive transformations. He also investigated the electrical structure of matter and the nuclear nature of atom. He was one of the founders of the atomic theory of physics and creators of the first atomic model. He stated that the atom consisted of a nucleus around which electrons revolved in orbits.
Wordlist:
recognize – признавать, узнавать
tireless – неустанный
graduate – получать высшее образование
research – исследование
concern – интерес, касаться, интересоваться
detector – детектор, датчик
establish – устанавливать, основывать
matter – вещество, материя
creator – создатель, творец
consist – состоит revolve – вращать, вращаться
Answer the questions:
1. When was Ernest Rutherford born?
2. What was Rutherford’s research concerned with?
3. When did Rutherford’s big triumph begin?
Alessandro Volta was Italian physicist known for the invention of the battery in the 1800s. Volta was born in Como and educated in the public schools there. In 1774 he became professor of physics at the
Royal School in Como, and in the following year he devised the electrophorus, an instrument that produced charges of static electricity. In 1776-77 he applied himself to chemistry, studying atmospheric electricity and conducting experiments such as the ignition of gases by an electric spark in a closed vessel. In 1779 he became professor of physics at the University of Pavia, a chair he occupied for 25 years. By 1800 he had developed the so-called voltaic pile, a forerunner of the electric battery, which produced a steady stream of electricity.
Wordlist
physicist – физик
charge – разряд
ignition – зажигание, воспламенение
voltaic pile – вольтов столб
Answer the questions:
1. What is electrophorus?
2. What experiments in the field of chemistry did he conduct?
3. When did he develop voltaic pile?
4. What did the voltaic pile produce?