Transitions at the Top. Ciampa Dan
because the company doesn't do its part to ensure it succeeds.
Our experience suggests two core propositions. First, company missteps are a significant contributing factor to the high failure rate of executives at the top. They are as potent a reason for failure as what the incoming leader does or does not do. Second, the success rate of leadership transitions will not improve until CEOs who are preparing to pass the reins, boards that hire or promote successors and oversee the handoff, and the senior managers most involved in the hiring and assimilation of new leaders more fully understand what the hiring organization must do and avoid to improve the chances of success.
Right from the Start,1 which Dan coauthored, was published in 1999 to introduce the topic of the new leader's role and responsibility in a transition at the top. It broke new ground as it offered a framework, examples of successes and failures, and advice to those hired as the number two expecting to succeed the CEO or those entering directly into the top position. In that book's conclusion, a section called “Implications for Future Research” suggested that the company's role be a topic that should be included in the responsibilities of the board, CEO, and the human resources department. The success of Right from the Start spawned other books on related topics, including principles of leadership succession, details of the transition process, and models and programs for senior-level onboarding. In 1999 there was no substantial onboarding market; today, it is a multibillion-dollar market for consultants worldwide. But, while these areas have been explored, there has been nothing written on the company's role in leadership transitions, at least from the literature searches we have done. So, we decided to write this book because it's time to explore this issue in a serious way. We also wrote this book because in our years of experience advising boards, CEOs, and senior teams, we continue to observe many implicit obstacles to the successful transfer of power, which are neither surfaced openly nor dealt with directly. Inherent in the pages that follow is our belief that even though companies state they want new leaders to succeed, they lack a working model of support, feedback, openness, and continuous improvement necessary for those new in a top position to succeed. Such a working model is required to counter an environment of competitiveness, silos, and more concern for enhancing one's own power than for what is good for the entire organization – conditions that characterize day-to-day life in most organizations and have the effect of rejecting the assimilation and contribution of new executives. We also recognize that, once embedded in the organization's culture, they are not easy to change. Indeed, in addition to years of advising others, we have experienced firsthand how difficult it is to change behavior and comfortable habits as members of boards of directors and as chairmen and CEOs. Our own attempts, frustrations, successes, and mistakes at getting top-level transitions right are embedded in the model we've proposed.
We hope this book sparks a host of new conversations among boards and executive teams about how to improve leadership transitions in their organizations. We hope also to add significantly and importantly to the literature so that the major players involved in a senior-level transition and those to whom they turn for help are better prepared. We do so first by detailing the problems associated with leadership transitions that lie within or are created by companies that hire or promote new leaders into the most senior position. Second, we define the roles and responsibilities of the key players involved and explore the interaction between them. Third, throughout the book we offer principles, guidelines, and specific actions that companies should employ to have the best chance for their leadership transitions to succeed.
As important as why we wrote this book is to point out that it is not a how-to manual for transitions. Neither all the potential hurdles that can block a successful handoff nor all the ways they can be overcome are provided here. It would be disingenuous for us to attempt such a thing because it would suggest that transitions at the top are simple. In fact, they are very complex in ways we explain in the chapters that follow.
This book concentrates on “planned transitions.” By this we mean the handoffs that occur from an incumbent executive, usually the CEO, to a successor while both are on the job. We stress, however, that most of the issues confronting CEOs and successors during planned transitions emerge in similar form for other senior-level transitions, such as chief operating officer, division president, or executive or senior vice president. As a result, we hope to interest the broadest audience of readers who may be involved in various ways in the transitions of their organizations.
Our opinions are offered primarily to the following groups of readers:
● Members of boards of directors, especially lead directors, nonexecutive chairs, and heads of compensation and nomination and governance committees who must oversee and ultimately be accountable for top-level succession.
● CEOs and executive chairpersons, whose legacies in large part depend on the management of a successful transition.
● Chief human resources officers (CHROs) who are usually called on to manage the transition, coordinate its various parts, and provide the necessary in-house staffing and counsel.
● Senior managers who form the execution cadres that will make the agendas of new leaders in their organizations work and who must prepare the organization for the transition.
● New leaders who, in addition to how they must prepare on their own, need to know what they should expect from a well-run transition.
● Senior partners in private equity or venture capital firms who want to ensure the highest quality of execution by the individuals hired to lead businesses in which they invest and the boards that oversee them.
● Consultants and academics will find much of interest and relevance about the company's role in transitions and related issues of leadership, governance, business policy, strategy, organization culture, and human capital/talent management.
We hope we have provided the most authentic and seasoned portrayal possible of senior leader handoffs. In that we have seen successes and failures of many transitions from inside executive suites and boardrooms, including our own, we cite a host of actual examples to make our points. In a few cases we identify companies and executives by name. In most cases, however, we agreed not to identify individuals or their companies by name. We believe this approach permitted the leaders with whom we talked to describe their experiences and emotions, both positive and negative, with candor. Even so, none of the cases are fictional. Each example happened just as we have recorded it. One or the other of us participated in, witnessed, or discussed directly with key participants everything we have described.
Acknowledgements
When something takes as long to be shaped as has this book, the list of people who contribute time, criticism, and ideas is long. First, of course, are the people whom we've had the opportunity to help and the privilege to work with over the courses of our careers. They turned to one of us to help during a time of great importance to their careers and organizations. Some were chairpersons or directors on boards that were in the midst of or were preparing for a top-level handoff; some were CEOs expecting to pass the baton to a successor; some were in charge of human resources functions, trying to add value for the CEO, the board, and the successor plus strengthen the culture of their organizations all at the same time; some were senior managers adapting to a change in leadership; and, some were the new leaders who hoped to move to the top spot or had taken over. Whatever their positions, we tried to give it our best information and counsel and help them face the problems that had to be solved and challenges that had to be met. As we worked together with them, we learned from them as much as they drew from us. The cases, propositions, and conclusions in Transitions at the Top, of course, could not have been developed otherwise; and for that, we are grateful.
Particular thanks from Dan go to: Matt Arnold (AstraZeneca), Brenda Barnes (Sara Lee), Dennis Berger (CDW), Tom Bergmann (Harley-Davidson), Joe Bonito (Bank of America), Celia Brown (Willis), Nick Brown (NAC Re), Lisa Buckley (Western Union), Cynthia Carroll (Alcan), Tony Coles (Onyx Pharmaceuticals), Susan Comparato (Syncora Guarantee), Kevin Cox (American Express), Ken DiPietro (Biogen-Idec), Deborah Dunsire (Millennium Pharmaceuticals), Travis Engen (Alcan), Hugh Farrington (Hannaford Brothers), Jamie Fellowes (Fellowes), CJ Fraleigh (Shearer's), Stan Goldstein (Melville), Peter Greenleaf (AstraZeneca), Bob Haas (Levi-Strauss), John Johnson (ImClone), Bob
D. Ciampa and M. Watkins,