The State of Society in France Before the Revolution of 1789. Alexis de Tocqueville

The State of Society in France Before the Revolution of 1789

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Rhine.

12

See Note IX., Effect of Usury Laws on Land.

13

See Note X., Abuse of Feudal Rights.

14

See Note XI., Ecclesiastical Feudal Rights.

15

See Note XII., Rights of the Abbey of Cherbourg.

16

See Note XIII., Irritation caused to the Peasantry by Feudal Rights, and especially by the Feudal Rights of the Clergy.

17

See Note XIV., Effect of Feudalism on state of Real Property.

18

See the last chapter of this Book (xxi.) for a fuller account of the local government of Languedoc.

19

See Note XV., Public Relief, and Note XVI.

20

See Note XVII., Powers of the Intendant for the Regulation of Trade.

21

See Note XVIII., Spirit of the Government of Louis XI.

22

See Note XIX., Administration of a French Town in the Eighteenth Century.

23

See Note XX.

24

See Note XXI., Administration of a Village in the Eighteenth Century.

25

[Que la justice administrative et la garantie des fonctionnaires sont des institutions de l’Ancien Régime. The difficulty of rendering these terms into intelligible English arises from the fact that at no time in the last two centuries of the history of England has the executive administration assumed a peculiar jurisdiction to itself or removed its officers from the jurisdiction of the courts of common law in this country. It will be seen in this chapter that the ordinary jurisdictions of France have always been liable to be superseded by extraordinary judicial authorities when the interests of the Government or the responsibility of its agents were at stake. The arbitrary jurisdiction of all such irregular tribunals was, in fact, abolished in England in 1641 by the Act under which fell the Court of Star Chamber and the High Commission.]

26

See Note XXII.

27

See Note XXIII.

28

[The article referred to is the 75th article of the Constitution de l’An VIII., which provided that the agents of the executive government, other than the ministers, could only be prosecuted for their conduct in the discharge of their functions, in virtue of a decision of the Council of State.]

29

See Note XXIV., Traces in Canada of Centralisation of the old French Monarchy.

30

See Note XXV., Example of the Intervention of the Council.

31

See Note XXVI., Additional Patrols.

32

See Note XXVII., Bureaux de Tabac.

33

Burke’s speech on the Army estimates, 1790.

34

See Note XXVIII., Extinction of Loyal Activity.

35

See Note XXIX., Seignorial Dues in different Provinces of France.

36

See Note XXX., Self-Government adverse to Spirit of Caste.

37

See Note XXXI.

38

See Note XXXII., Extent of Exemptions from Taxation.

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