The Man Who Invented Aztec Crystal Skulls. Jane MacLaren Walsh

The Man Who Invented Aztec Crystal Skulls - Jane MacLaren Walsh


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York).

      13.2a. “Cuadro Arqueológico y Etnográfico de la Republica Mexicana” (Smithsonian Libraries).

      13.2b. Detail of poster’s title and author information (Smithsonian Libraries).

      15.1. Boban skull auctioned to Tiffany & Co. and later sold to the British Museum (courtesy of the British Museum, London, Ethno 1898.1).

      15.2. Crystal skull in Smithsonian’s Blake Collection (Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, 98949. Annual Report 1896: 463).

      15.3. Crystal skull in the Christy Collection at the British Museum (courtesy of the British Museum, London, Am, St.420).

      15.4. Small crystal skull in the Pinart collection of the Musée du quai Branly (courtesy of Musée du quai Branly, Paris, 71.1878.1.216).

      15.5a–b. Costantino and Mala crystal skulls in the collections of the Museo Nacional (courtesy of the Museo Nacional de Antroplogía, Mexico City).

      15.6. Crystal skull on a reliquary in the Vincenzo Funghini Collection (courtesy of Museo Nazionale d’Arte Medievale e Moderna, Arezzo, Italy).

      15.7. Crystal skull in the Zaverio Calpini Collection, Turin, Italy (courtesy of the Fondazione Torino Musei).

      15.8a–b. Saints Peter of Alcántara and Teresa of Avila by Melchor Pérez Holguín, with detail of a hand holding a rosary with a skull bead below the crucifix (courtesy of Hispanic Society of America, New York).

      15.9a. Jean Amatus Klein drawing of a small crystal skull, obsidian earplugs, and another crystal adornment (courtesy of Hispanic Society of America, New York).

      15.9b. Jean Amatus Klein drawing of Aztec antiquities and ornaments (courtesy of Hispanic Society of America, New York).

      16.1. A carte de visite photograph from a Manhattan studio that Boban sent to Thomas Wilson at the Smithsonian Institution in 1887 (Smithsonian Institution, National Anthropological Archives, NPC 028770.00).

      16.2. Notes Boban took during his visit to the Smithsonian (courtesy of Hispanic Society of America, New York).

      16.3. Boban’s note to the editor of La Nature (courtesy of Hispanic Society of America, New York).

      16.4. Three Zapotec funerary vessels excavated near Mitla (Smithsonian Institution Archives, RU 7084).

      16.5. Zapotec warrior figure with notes by W. H. Holmes (Smithsonian Institution Archives, RU 7084).

      17.1. Photograph of Antonio Rojas (Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History).

      17.2. Superimposition of face on Rojas skull (courtesy of Joe Mullins, Forensic Imaging Center, National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, Washington, DC).

      18.1. Exhibition photograph of objects in the Eugène Goupil Collection (courtesy of Hispanic Society of America, New York).

      18.2. Eugène Goupil’s exhibition cabinet at the 1889 Exposition Universelle in Paris (courtesy of Hispanic Society of America, New York).

      19.1. Photo of Jean Frédéric Waldeck at ninety displaying a questionable codex, a cast of a jade Olmec statue, and an Aztec ceramic figurine while leaning on a human skull (courtesy of Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, DMO n.a.f. 21479: item 471).

      19.2. Charles Espiridion Eugène Goupil (courtesy of Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, DMO n.a.f. 21480: item 7).

      20.1. Detail of 1860s photograph of Eugène Boban (courtesy of Museo Nacional de Historia, Chapultepec Castle, Mexico City).

      20.2. Carte de visite photograph of Eugène Boban in 1886, age fifty-two (Smithsonian Institution, National Anthropological Archives).

      20.3. Frontispiece photograph of Eugène Boban in 1891, age fifty-seven, Documents pour servir à l’histoire du Mexique (Smithsonian Libraries).

      ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

      I am indebted to a long list of people who assisted and guided me during my research into the life and career of Eugène Boban. First and foremost, I am grateful to my coauthor and partner, Brett Topping, who organized and edited the book. She also provided much of the historical research relating to the California Gold Rush, France in the nineteenth century, the Siege of Paris, and the terrible events of the Paris Commune revolt. Her research yielded invaluable context for Boban’s story. Her insights helped me better appreciate his achievements and idiosyncrasies.

      When I began my research for an article about crystal skulls in museum collections and first encountered Eugène Boban’s name, I was helped by two good friends, the late Robert von Kaupp and Randall Dean. They translated a number of Boban’s letters and articles for me, as my reading comprehension of French was negligible at the time.

      I have enjoyed the friendship, advice, and guidance of a great number of people whom I have met through this project, particularly in Washington, DC, New York, Mexico City, London, and Paris. Elizabeth Carmichael’s wonderful letter about the British Museum’s crystal skull led me to the trail of Eugène Boban. I am very grateful to her and Tony Kitzinger for their encouragement, kindness, and friendship. Many people in the British Museum have shared expertise and information. Margaret Sax’s pioneering work dating Mesopotamian cylinder seals introduced me to the use of scanning electron microscopy in the study of tool marks. Ian Freestone, Andrew Rankin, and Nigel Meeks generously shared their expertise. Philippa Glanville, formerly of the Victoria and Albert Museum, and her husband, Gordon Glanville, have for many years offered stimulating conversation, encouragement, and possible sources of information.

      During my first visit to Paris, Sally McLendon and her late husband, William Sturtevant, a Smithsonian colleague, introduced me to Marie-France Fauvet-Berthelot at the Musée de l’Homme. She allowed me to examine the Boban/Pinart papers and would later invite me to research Boban’s artifact collection, in particular the French crystal skull. I have worked closely with her ever since and have always been grateful for her generosity and kindness. Marie-France introduced me to anthropologist Eric Taladoire from the Sorbonne, who shared his work on a contemporary of Boban’s, Dr. Jean-Baptiste Fuzier. Christine Lorre, a conservator at the Musée d’archéologie nationale, provided me with photographs that Boban had sent to Gabriel Mortillet. She also told me that Mortillet’s papers were at the Universität de Saarlandes in Germany. Wolfgang Muller from that university later provided me with pdf images of Boban’s correspondence with Mortillet.

      A close friend, the late Claude François Baudez, encouraged and advised me, introducing me to a number


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