Polyurethanes. Mark F. Sonnenschein

      1 Chapter 2TABLE 2.1 Comparison of polyol general polyol propertiesTABLE 2.2 Common polymerization starters or initiators for polyether polymerizati...TABLE 2.3 Structures of acids and alcohols common to polyester polyol synthesis f...TABLE 2.4 Properties of selected polyester polyols useful in polyurethane synthes...TABLE 2.5 Comparison of polyols used for rigid appliance foam and rigid construct...TABLE 2.6 Example of an aromatic polyester polyol for construction applicationTABLE 2.7 Raw materials and unit ratios for two commercial aromatic polyester pol...TABLE 2.8 Properties of rigid polyurethane foams with aromatic polyester polyols ...TABLE 2.9 Select polycarbonate polyols (based on diol variation) and the differen...TABLE 2.10 Fatty acid composition of common seed oils used for polyester polyol s...TABLE 2.11 Effect of process variable ratios on relative production of monomeric ...TABLE 2.12 Effect of process variable ratios on the production of desired MDI and...TABLE 2.13 Structure and properties of common chain extenders used in urethane ch...

      2 Chapter 3TABLE 3.1 Enthalpy of urethane formation (kcal/mol) of various isocyanates with v...TABLE 3.2 Approximate reversion temperatures of urethane product back to constitu...TABLE 3.3 Reactivity of several common diisocyanates relative to MDITABLE 3.4 Reactivity of the isocyanates of TDI isomers relative to the para posit...TABLE 3.5 Relative reaction rates of isocyanates with varying reaction partners

      3 Chapter 4TABLE 4.1 Examples of solubility parameters calculated by the method of Bicerano^a

      4 Chapter 5TABLE 5.1 Conventional polyol specifications and ASTM procedures for measurement...TABLE 5.2 Critical evaluation of the ASTM method‐derived property value in Table ...TABLE 5.3 Conventional isocyanate specifications and ASTM procedures for measurem...TABLE 5.4 Critical evaluation of the ASTM method‐derived property value in Table ...TABLE 5.5 Reference for resonance frequencies for functional groups commonly enco...TABLE 5.6 Data derived from a Porod analysis of Figure 5.17TABLE 5.7 Conventional polyurethane mechanical tests and ASTM procedures for meas...

      5 Chapter 6TABLE 6.1 Representative slab foam formulationsTABLE 6.2 Alternative methods of describing the hard‐segment content of a polyure...TABLE 6.3 Property range of a conventional slabstock foam made from the formulati...TABLE 6.4 HR foam formulation and its representative propertiesTABLE 6.5 Representative formulations for making a “hot mold” molded foam of two ...TABLE 6.6 Representative formulation for a HR “cold mold” molded foam....TABLE 6.7 Representative formulation for a HR “cold mold” molded foam using blend...TABLE 6.8 Representative formulation for a HR “cold mold” molded foam using pMDI...TABLE 6.9 Effects of foam raw material structure variation on foaming and foam pr...TABLE 6.10 The effects of catalyst strength on the polyurethane foam process and ...TABLE 6.11 Effects of silicone surfactant variables on foam processes and propert...

      6 Chapter 7TABLE 7.1 Simplified formulation and representative properties for high‐resilienc...TABLE 7.2 Representative formulations and property ranges for viscoelastic foams ...TABLE 7.3 Representative formulation, molding conditions, and properties of a hig...TABLE 7.4 Representative formulation, molding conditions, and properties of a hig...TABLE 7.5 General formulation guidelines for high resilience (HR) transportation ...TABLE 7.6 General structure–property relationships for flexible molded polyuretha...

      7 Chapter 8TABLE 8.1 Polyisocyanurate (PIR) foam formulations and properties for making insu...TABLE 8.2 Formulation for producing spray foamsTABLE 8.3 Formulations for froth foam that might be use as a window sealant (Form...TABLE 8.4 Comparison of typical properties of high‐pressure spray foam and froth ...TABLE 8.5 Formulations and properties for three pour‐in‐place applications...TABLE 8.6 List of standard tests and descriptions relevant to the polyurethane ri...TABLE 8.7 Formulations and properties for use in appliance insulation application...TABLE 8.8 Typical range of rigid polyurethane foams for appliances and the direct...TABLE 8.9 Properties of rigid polyurethane foam blowing agents, several of which ...TABLE 8.10 Promulgation of regulations for blowing agents previously used for pol...TABLE 8.11 Status of acceptability/unacceptability for a variety of foam blowing ...

      8 Chapter 9TABLE 9.1 Comparison of a polybutylene adipate ester and an ethylene oxide‐capped...TABLE 9.2 Representative standard tests for characterizing, comparing, and rankin...TABLE 9.3 Design guidelines for the effect of a change in material property on we...TABLE 9.4 Example shoe sole formulation based on a polyester quasi‐prepolymer and...TABLE 9.5 Example polyether polyol shoe sole formulation based on a polyether sof...TABLE 9.6 A representative listing of polyurethane elastomer applicationsTABLE 9.7 Characteristics of the types of commercially available polyurethane pre...TABLE 9.8 Differences between quasi‐prepolymer and full prepolymer systems and re...TABLE 9.9 Prepolymer formed at between 70 °C and 80 °C under N2 at desired NCO co...TABLE 9.10 Applications defined by the typical Shore A hardness requiredTABLE 9.11 Comparison of properties for typical thermoplastic elastomer classesTABLE 9.12 Example formulations for TPUs of various hardnesses (modulus) and from...TABLE 9.13 Comparison of properties obtained for various plastic compositesTABLE 9.14 A modified S‐RIM formulation that could be scaled for making an automo...

      9 Chapter 10TABLE 10.1 Major applications for polyurethane adhesives as a function of format...TABLE 10.2 ASTM standard methods for testing adhesivesTABLE 10.3 Example formulation and properties of a one‐part solvent‐borne polyure...TABLE 10.4 Formulation and properties of a nonreactive polyurethane hot‐melt adhe...TABLE 10.5 Formulation and properties of a reactive polyurethane hot‐melt adhesiv...TABLE 10.6 Composition and properties of a PUD adhesiveTABLE 10.7 ASTM classification of polyurethane coatings based on format and metho...TABLE 10.8 Abridged list of standardized tests and methods for characterizing coa...TABLE 10.9 Formulation and properties of a two‐part solvent‐borne polyurethane co...TABLE 10.10 Illustrative properties for a water‐borne polyurethane coating obtain...TABLE 10.11 Composition and coating properties of a blend of acrylic and polyuret...TABLE 10.12 Properties of UV‐curable polyurethane coatings tested before and afte...TABLE 10.13 Structures of chemical blocking agents and their deblocking temperatu...TABLE 10.14 Formulation of an illustrative polyurethane powder coatingTABLE 10.15 Properties of the polyurethane powder coating in Table 10.14

      10 Chapter 11TABLE 11.1 Formulation and properties of thermoplastic polyurethane commonly empl...TABLE 11.2 Solubility parameters of representative solvents useful for determinin...TABLE 11.3 Composition of a polyurethane prepolymer/curative that could be made i...

      11 Chapter