Practical Power Plant Engineering. Zark Bedalov

Practical Power Plant Engineering - Zark Bedalov


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transformers. The four motor controller cells on each side will be attached to the regular 4.16 kV metal‐clad switchgear in the middle. The incoming breakers will automatically interact with the tie breaker on a 2 out of 3 switching principle to carry the full load in case of a transformer outage.

Nominal voltage 4.16 kV, 60 Hz, 3 ph, 3 w
BIL 60 kV
Switchgear, interrupting capacity 40 kA r.m.s. symmetrical
MV controllers, interrupting 40 kA r.m.s. symmetrical
Assembly Metal‐clad/metal enclosed
Incoming and tie breakers 2500 A, vacuum type
Motor controllers (contactors) 400 A, fused, for up to 2000 kW maximum, NEMA E2
Illustration of the MV (5 kV) control assembly that will be used to feed the plant MV motors rated over 200–2000 kW and 2/3MVA, 4.16 kV to 480V unit substations.

      Fuses for the transformer and outgoing feeders are of current limiting L‐rated type (see Chapter 3).

      All the breakers and controllers are provided with means of operating from local and remote positions. The means of communication for the breaker operation, interlocks, and status are by Ethernet from the control room (see Chapter 17).

A simplified one-line diagram of one of the LV switchgear.

      The common LV switchgear voltages are as follows:

       In USA: 480 V, 3 ph, 60 Hz. The lowest voltage used is 120 V, 1 ph.

       Canada: 600 V, 3 ph, 60 Hz. The lowest voltage is 120 V, 1 ph.

       Europe, Asia, South America, Australia: 400 V, 3 ph, 50 Hz. The lowest plant voltage is 231 V, 1 ph, which is the line to ground voltage from 400 V, 3 ph.

      These voltages are used to feed low voltage, three‐phase motors up to 200 kW, and auxiliary feeders.

      Smaller motors are fed at 1 ph, 120 V in USA/Canada, or 231 V in the IEC countries.

      Larger motors up to 500 kW can also be fed at LV (400–600 V), if controlled by VFDs or SoftStarts (see Chapter 15).

      2.7.10.1 Incoming Transformer Failure

The overall key one-line diagram where the incoming transformer T11 feeds Bus A, while the T12 feeds the Bus B of the main 13.8 kV switchgear.

      In case of a failure of one of the transformers, the faulty transformer (Assume: T12 on B bus) will be isolated by being tripped automatically or manually (locally). Once the incoming breaker for the transformer T12 opens, a signal is sent to fully isolate T12 by tripping its HV breaker. This will be followed by closing the 13.8 kV bus tie breaker.

      Please note, all the B buses from 13.8 kV down to 480 V are temporarily shut down following the isolation of the faulty T12 transformer. When the tie breaker closes, the healthy transformer (T11) now feeds both Buses A and B. The control system now starts restoring the power (incoming and tie breakers) sequentially from the top bus to the lowest bus in that order to operate the plant on the single transformer. The whole process of power restoration is completed within several seconds.

      This automatic switching process explained above is more applicable to the power plants, which may have three or four buses operated from 13.8 kV down to 480 V. The industrial plants have fewer plant bus levels, and the switching following a transformer failure may be manual.

      The breaker operating and closing coils as well as the protection and trip circuits operate on 125 Vdc circuits fed from the station battery. By having the DC system available, the main breakers can be operated during a total plant outage.

      The plant restoration following a total blackout and DG operation follows by the appearance of voltage on the HV side of the main transformers. HV breakers are closed and a proper safe moment is awaited to initiate the restoration


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