Food. Jennifer Clapp

      7 7. USDA (2019), Ag and Food Statistics: Charting the Essentials. Online at: https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/ag-and-food-statistics-charting-the-essentials/agricultural-trade/; Canadian Agri-food Trade Alliance (2019), Agri-Food Exports. Online at: http://cafta.org/agri-food-exports/; WTO (2017), World Trade Statistical Review. Online at: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/wts2017_e/wts2017_e.pdf; FAO (2018), The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets. Online at: http://www.fao.org/3/I9542EN/i9542en.pdf; UNCTAD (2019), State of Commodity Dependence 2019 (Geneva, United Nations). Online at: https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ditccom2019d1_en.pdf.

      8 8. Data on share of agricultural items traded globally calculated from data available at FAO Statistics, Online at: http://faostat3.fao.org. For information on reliance on a single export, see FAO (2005), State of Agricultural Commodity Markets 2004 (Rome, FAO). For export share of soy and wheat, see USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (2019), Oilseeds: World Markets and Trade (Washington, DC, USDA); and USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (2019), Grain: World Markets and Trade (Washington, DC, USDA); USDA (2018), Coffee: World Markets and Trade (Washington, DC, USDA); USDA (2019), Sugar: World Markets and Trade (Washington, DC, USDA).

      9 9. FAO (2018), The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets (Rome, FAO), pp. 4–5. Online at: http://www.fao.org/3/I9542EN/i9542en.pdf.

      10 10. FAO (2016), Trends in Foreign Direct Investment in Food, Beverages and Tobacco. FAO Commodity and Trade Policy Research Working Paper No. 51 (Rome, FAO), pp. viii. Online at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5595e.pdf; UNCTAD (2018), World Investment Report 2018: Investment and New Industrial Policies, pp. 8. Online at: https://unctad.org/en/PublicationChapters/wir2018ch1_en.pdf.

      11 11. Data on meat consumption statistics available from FAO Statistics, Online at: http://faostat3.fao.org. For data on ultra-processed foods, see Heart and Stroke (2017), News release: Time to Curb Our Appetite for Ultra-Processed Food. Online at: https://www.heartandstroke.ca/what-we-do/media-centre/news-releases/time-to-curb-our-appetite-for-ultra-processed-food (Canada); Steele, Euridice Martinez et al. (2015), “Ultra-Processed Foods and Added Sugars in the US Diet: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study,” BMJ Open 6, e009892. Online at: https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/6/3/e009892.full.pdf; Monteiro, Carlos et al. (2013), “Ultra-Processed Products are Becoming Dominant in the Global Food System,” Obesity Reviews 14(52), 21–8.

      12 12. Drèze, Jean and Sen, Amartya (1989), Hunger and Public Action (Oxford, Oxford University Press); and Sen, Amartya (1981), Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation (New York, Oxford University Press).

      13 13. FAO (2008), Clinton at UN: Food, Energy, Financial Woes Linked. Press Release, New York and Rome, October 24.

      14 14. Bush, George W. (2001), Remarks to the Future Farmers of America Organization in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Administration of George W. Bush 2001, Book 2: 1 July 2001 to 31 December 2001. Office of the Federal Register, Washington, DC, p. 920.

      15 15. On levels of hunger see FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, and WHO (2018), The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2018: Building Climate Resilience for Food Security and Nutrition (Rome, FAO). Online at: http://www.fao.org/3/I9553EN/i9553en.pdf. Note: The FAO changed the way it counts the number of undernourished people in 2012, which resulted in some change in the trend lines for hunger. For an analysis, see Lappé, Frances Moore et al. (2013), “How We Count Hunger Matters,” Ethics and International Affairs 27(3), 251–9.

      16 16. Conway, Gordon (1999), The Doubly Green Revolution: Food for All in the 21st Century (Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press); Paarlberg, Robert (2013), Food Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know, 2nd edn (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press).

      17 17. Altieri, Miguel (1995), Agroecology: The Science of Sustainable Agriculture, 2nd edn (Boulder, CO, Westview); Pretty, Jules (ed.) (2005), The Earthscan Reader on Sustainable Agriculture (London, Earthscan).