Sociology of the Arts. Victoria D. Alexander

Sociology of the Arts - Victoria D. Alexander


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though it would vastly oversimplify the terrain, leaving out things like city streets, farm tracks, and changes in elevation, to concentrate on a schematic representation of the motorways and main highways. But once you get to Edinburgh, a big map with a dot for the city is less helpful. For driving in an urban setting, you need a more detailed town plan that shows city streets, or you would magnify the map on your phone. If you walk in the surrounding countryside, you will want a more detailed map still, one that depicts footpaths and topography.

      The metaphor of a map is limited, however, as are all metaphors. Social reality cannot be as easily measured as the physical contours and attributes of the landscape. Indeed, theorists disagree on the fundamental nature of reality (what we are able to see and how it should be measured). This means they disagree over what the territory might be, which adds an extra layer of potential disagreement over the purpose of maps (theories) and whether they are “correct.”

      What theory you use (or develop) depends on two things: (1) the metatheories you hold due to personal predilection or professional training, and (2) the types of questions you pose. Your questions are strongly influenced by your metatheories. To use another metaphor, theories are like flashlights shining light in a darkened room. Though they illuminate, they highlight only part of the view. They also cast shadows. Theories are useful, indeed essential, to understanding art. But all theories are by necessity limited.

      Recognize that there are a variety of approaches and theories about society. Most are partly true, shedding light on various aspects of society and casting shadows on others; therefore, most theories can be helpful some of the time and in some situations. Thus, each theory (and piece of empirical research) is a tile in a mosaic; to get a reasonable picture, you need more than one tile.

      Using different theories to understand art can lead to a richer understanding of art.

      Part II of the book covers approaches subsumed by the cultural diamond. The majority of research reported in the book is covered under this rubric. Part II is divided into two subsections, (A) production approaches and (B) consumption ones.

      The research that makes up the production of culture approach, covered in Part IIA, focuses on the “left‐hand side” of the cultural diamond. Chapters look at how art is created, produced, and distributed, and examine the relationships among creators, distribution networks, artworks, and society. The main idea in the production of culture approach is that cultural objects are filtered through, and affected by, the people and systems that create and distribute them. Chapter 5 presents an overview, covering two influential scholars, Becker (2008) on art worlds and Bourdieu (1993) on fields of cultural production, as well as key critiques of the approach. Crane (1992) argues persuasively that, in place of the traditional division of high culture and popular culture, a better way to understand and categorize the current artscape is to look at how the arts reach the public, through for‐profit cultural industries, nonprofit organizations, or local networks. Accordingly, Chapter 6 discusses distribution by business firms and cultural industries, and Chapter 7 looks at distribution through nonprofit organizations or social networks. Artists occupy a privileged role in the arts, and Chapter 8 focuses on artists along with other creatives in cultural industries. The chapter examines labor markets, creative careers, and inequality in the arts, as well as the social construction of the artist’s role, artistic reputation, and genius.

      The research that makes up the consumption of culture approach, covered in Part IIB of the book, focuses on the “right‐hand side” of the cultural diamond. Chapters look at how people consume, use, and receive art. The main idea is that audiences are the key to understanding art, because the meanings created from art and the ways art is used depend on its consumers, not its creators. Chapter 9 traces the roots of the consumption of culture approach, which are found in cultural studies and literary theory, explores the development of the approach, and covers key critiques. Chapter 10 turns to sites of consumption and the experiences people have when interacting with artworks. Chapter 11 explicates how social identity can influence cultural consumption choices and how individual, group, and national identities connect with art. Chapter 12 turns to social boundaries and art. In addition to looking at the social construction of artistic categories, it focuses on Bourdieu’s (1984) Distinction thesis, ideas about omnivorous cultural consumption, and debates about social class, cultural capital, and taste.