A History of Matrimonial Institutions (Vol. 1-3). George Elliott Howard
of "Athenasius Vincentius" who is none other than Lyser himself. The first edition, in German, is entitled Politischer Discurs zwischen Monogamo und Polygamo (Freiburg, 1675). Lyser is harshly answered by Johann Frischen, Unvorgreiffliche Erörterung der Frage: Was von der Polygamie oder Viel-Weiberey zu halten sey (Hamburg, 1677); and more coarsely by "Simplicius Christianus," Eilfertiges Antwort-Schreiben.... Darin eine Summarische Widerlegung des politischen Discurs von der Viel-Weiberey, so ein Atheistischer Huren-Teuffel J. L. Bosshafftiglich ausgestreuet, enthalten ist (Leipzig, 1677). In this connection see also Thomasius, De concubinatu (Halle, 1713); Baumgart, De concubinatu, a Christo et apostolis prohibito (Halle, 1713); N. N., De licito concubinatu opponenda (Freistadt, 1714); Michaelis, Paralipomena contra polygamiam (Göttingen, 1757); Swinderen, De polygamia (Groningae, 1795); Premontval, La monogamie (La Haye, 1751); or the translation by Windheim entitled Des Herrn Premontvals Monogamie (Nuremberg, 1753); Rantzow, Discussion si la polygamie est contre la loi nat. ou divine (St. Petersburg, 1774); and the works of Madan, Cookson, and others mentioned in the next chapter. An interesting monograph based on the correspondence of Bucer and the landgrave is Rady's Die Reformatoren in ihrer Beziehung zur Doppelehe des Landgrafen Philipp (Frankfort and Lucerne, 1890). Luther's alleged sensuality and coarseness of speech are examined by "Lutherophilus," Das sechste Gebot und Luthers Leben (Halle, 1893); with which may be read Altenrath, Zur Beurtheilung und Würdigung Martin Luthers (Frankfort, 1889).
Typical of an extensive literature in the sixteenth century, whose aim is the appreciation and elevation of marriage, is Adam Colbius von Buchen's Christliche Predigten über das Buch Tobie, darinnen, als in einem lustigen Ehespiegel ... vom heyligen Ehestandt ... erkläret wirdt (Frankfort, 1592). On the other hand, in contempt of womanhood and in mockery of wedlock was produced a mass of prose and verse coarse and unclean beyond description. Both kinds of writing—the evangelical Ehespiegel and the literature dedicated to "St. Grobian"—are treated in an instructive way by Kawerau, Die Reformation und die Ehe (Halle, 1892). To aid in obtaining a more complete conception of post-Reformation sentiment may also be consulted Agrippa, De nobilitate et praecellentia foeminei sexus libellus (Coloniae, 1532, 1567); Saxse, Arcana annuli pronubi, Das ist: Geheimnis und bedeutung des Ehelichen Traw Ringes (Leipzig, 1594); Müller, Ungerathene Ehe, oder vornehmste Ursachen, so heute den Ehestand zum Wehestand machen (Frankfort, 1674); Lehman, Florilegium politicum auctum (Frankfort, 1662); and Feyerabend, De privilegiis mulierum (Jena, 1672). Two learned general treatises, untouched by the Reformation doctrines, are Johannis Nevizianus's Sylvae nuptialis libri sex (Lugduni, 1556), containing a vast amount of curious matter ostensibly designed to aid in solving the question, "An nubendum sit, vel non;" and Antonius Gubertus Costanus's De sponsalibus, matrimoniis et dotibus commentarius (Marpurgi, 1597), dealing in a clear and scholarly manner with the matrimonial institutions of the Hebrews, Greeks, Romans, and Christians under the canon law.
Several doctrines of Luther and the early Reformers have each produced a literature. Whether under various conditions parental consent is necessary to a legal or valid marriage is discussed by Lohen, De parentum ad nuptias a liberis contrahendas consensu (Regiomonti, 1685); Lauginger, De consensu parentum ad nuptias liberorum (Regiomonti, 1699); Schmalian, De ambitu connubiali: Vom Frey-Werben (Wittenberg, 1745); especially by the two great leaders of the "naturalistic" movement, Thomasius, De validitate conjugii invitis parentibus contracti et per benedictionem sacerdotis depositi consummati (Leipzig, 1689); (Halle and Leipzig, 1722), and J. H. Boehmer, De matrimonio coacto (Halle, 1735). With the last-named dissertation may be read G. L. Boehmer's De copulae sacerdotalis a deposito clerico furtim impetratae injusto favore (Göttingen, 1745); Delbrück's De matrimonio ad benedictionem sacerdotis incompetentis contracto (Halle, 1759); and in general on the doctrine of espousals, Greiff, De pactis futurorum sponsaliorum: von Ja-Wort (Halle, 1712); Schelhas, De clandestinis sponsalibus juratis: Vulgo von heimlichen Verlöbnüssen (Jena, 1716); Bendeleben, De diverso sponsalium et matrimonii jure (Halle, 1718); Sahme, De matrimonii legitimo absque benedictione sacerdotali (Halle, 1722); Berger, De praescriptione sponsaliorum (Wittenberg, 1724); Richardus, De conditionalibus sponsaliorum impossibilibus (Halle, 1741; presented, 1701); Wachsmuth, De exceptione sponsaliorum clandestinorum, ab ipso contrahente opposita (Jena, 1754). See further, on special questions, Mentzer, Num sponsis, ante solennem in ecclesiae copulationem et benedictionem, concubentibus, publica poenitentia juste imponatur? (6th reprint, Wittenberg, 1728); Willenberg, De matrimonio imparum (Halle, 1727); Bennemann, De natura matrimonii (Halle, 1708); Krull, De nuptiis (Wittenberg, 1632); Schnetter, De matrimonio cum damnato ad mortem contrahendo (Halle, 1727; presented, 1679).
In the modern scientific literature of the subject the first place belongs to the general treatise of Richter, Lehrbuch (8th ed., Leipzig, 1886); the Lehrbuch of Friedberg (3d ed., Leipzig, 1889); and Scheurl's Das gemeine deutsche Eherecht (Erlangen, 1882). An older work, very thorough and very careful in the citation of the literature, is Hofmann's Handbuch des teutschen Eherechts (Jena, 1789); while, besides the books of Göschl, Lobethan, Schott, and Stäudlin elsewhere described, Loy's Das protestantische Eherecht (Nuremberg and Altdorf, 1793) is of service. Much valuable biographical and bibliographical material may be found in the great work of Schulte, Die Geschichte der Quellen und Litteratur des canonischen Rechts (Stuttgart, 1875-80). Important monographs are Schubert's Die evangelische Trauung (Berlin, 1890); Scheurl's Die Entwicklung des kirchlichen Eheschliessungsrechts (Erlangen, 1877); Dieckhoff's Die kirchliche Trauung (Rostock, 1878); and there is an able article by Goeschen, "Ehe," in Herzog's Encyclopaedie, III (Stuttgart and Hamburg, 1855). For the present state of German matrimonial law consult Blumstengel, Die Trauung in evangelischem Deutschland nach Recht und Ritus (Weimar, 1879); Klein, Das heutige Eherecht im Herzogthum Sachsen-Altenburg (Strassburg, 1881); Stölzel, Deutsches Eheschliessungsrecht nach amtlichen Ermittelungen (3d ed., Berlin, 1876); and Hergenhahn's work elsewhere mentioned. Several early church ordinances, and a number of matrimonial decisions of rare interest from the consistory court of Wittenberg, commencing soon after its formation, are communicated by Schleusner, "Zu den Anfängen des protestantischen Eherechts," in ZKG., VI, XII, XIII (Gotha, 1884, 1891, 1892). The "Bedencken" or ordinance adopted at Dresden in 1556 by the three Saxon consistories, with other matter, is also published by Muther, "Drei Urkunden zur Reformationsgeschichte," in Niedner's Zeitschrift für historische Theologie, XXX (Gotha, 1860). These same documents and also the famous case of Caspar Beyer (1543-44) are discussed by Mejer, "Anfänge des Wittenberger Consistoriums," in ZKR., XIII (Tübingen, 1876). Mejer, "Zur Geschichte des ältesten protestantischen Eherechts," ibid., XVI (Freiburg and Tübingen, 1881), gives an excellent historical, biographical, and bibliographical account of the Wittenberg consistory; and the two preceding articles, with a discussion of the establishment of the consistory of Rostock, are reprinted in his Zum Kirchenrechte (Hanover, 1891). Original material is communicated by Fischer, "Die älteste evangelische Kirchenordnung ... in Hohenlohe," in ZKR., XV (Freiburg and Tübingen, 1880), and by Friedberg, Aus der protestantischen Eherechtspflege des 16. Jahrhunderts, reprinted from ZKR., IV (Tübingen, 1864), containing, in connection with the case of Zaschwitz, letters and other papers of Melanchthon regarding forbidden degrees. Another article of Friedberg, "Beiträge zur Geschichte des brandenburgisch-preussischen Eherechts," ibid., VI, VII (Tübingen, 1866-67), includes the very long petition of Dr. Stiel (1553) for enforcement of a betrothal, with other original documents relating to matrimonial doctrine and judicial practice. A history of "conditional marriages" is given by Phillips, "Das Ehehinderniss der beigefügten Bedingung," ibid., V, VI (Tübingen, 1865-66); and the rise of the Protestant doctrine regarding the impediment of relationship is discussed by Scheurl, "Zur Lehre von dem Ehehindernisse der Verwandtschaft," ibid., XVI (Freiburg and Tübingen, 1881). See also the monograph of Berg, Ueber die Verbindlichkeit der kanonischen Ehehindernisse in Betriff der Ehen der Evangelischen (Breslau, 1835).
On the controversy regarding "mixed marriages" and marriages of diverse religion, consult Gregorovius, De mat. person. diversae relig. (Regiomonti, 1712); Carpzovius, Circa nuptias person. diversae relig. (Wittenberg, 1735); Breitenbach, De mat. allophilorum (Giessen, 1740); Zum-Bach, Ueber die Ehen zwischen Katholiken und Protestanten (Cologne, 1820); Ueber die gemischten Ehen (Stuttgart, 1827); Wittmann, Katholische Grundsätze über die Ehen welche zwischen Katholiken und Protestanten geschlossen werden (Stadtamhof, 1831); Kutschker, Die gemischten Ehen von dem katholisch-kirchlichen Standpuncte (Vienna, 1838); Nationaler und historischer Standpunkt (Cologne and Vienna, 1838); Sack, Die katholische Kirche innerhalb des Protestantismus