Masculinity Under Construction. LaToya Jefferson-James
1.
Baldwin, James. “Down at the Cross,” in Baldwin: Collected Essays,” edited by Toni Morrison (New York: Library of the Americas, 1998), 341.
2.
James Baldwin, “Down at the Cross,” 342.
3.
Abby Ferber, White Man Falling: Race, Gender, and White Supremacy (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998), 32.
4.
Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness.
5.
Jeffrey Kaplan and Tore Bjoro, Nations & Race: The Developing Euro-American Racist Subculture (Lebanon: Northeast, 1998).
6.
James Baldwin, The Collected Essays (New York: The Library of America, 1998), 99.
7.
Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, trans. Charles Markmann (New York: Grove Press, 1967 rpt. of Peau Noir, Masques Blancs, Paris: Editions Du Seil, 1952), 134.
8.
Fanon, Black Skin, 134.
9.
Kaja Silverman, Male Subjectivity at the Margins (New York: Routledge, 1992), 15.
10.
Carol Boyce Davies, Black Women Writing & Identity: Migrations of the Subject (New York: Routledge, 1994), 7.
11.
Chinua Achebe, “An Image of Racism in Corad’s Heart of Darkness,” in The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism, eds. William Cain, Laurie Finke et al. (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001), 1785.
12.
Thomas Hale, “Masculinity in the West African Epic,” in Masculinities in African Literacy and Cultural Texts, eds. Tuzyline Allan and Helen Nabasuta Mugambi (Boulder: Ayebia Clark Publishing, 2010), 26.
13.
Tanure Ojiade, “Deploying Masculinity in African Oral Poetic Performance: The Man in Uje.” Masculinities in African Literacy and Cultural Texts, eds. Tuzyline Jita Allan and Helen Nabasuta Mugambi (Boulder: Ayebia Clarke Publishing, 2010), 66.
14.
Simon Gikandi, “African Literature and the Colonial Factor,” in The Cambridge History of African and Caribbean Literature, vols. 1 & 2, eds. Simon Gikandi and F. Abiola Irele (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 295.
15.
Aldon Morris, “Foreword,” in A Question of Manhood: A Reader in U.S. Black Men’s History and Masculinity vols. 1 & 2, eds. Darlene Clark Hine and Earnestine Jenkins (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), xiii.
16.
Linden Lewis, The Culture of Gender and Sexuality in the Caribbean (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003), 103.
17.
Antonio Benitez-Rojo, The Repeating Island: The Caribbean and the Postmodern, 2nd edition, (Durham: Duke, 1996), 39.
18.
Adetayo Alabi, Telling Our Stories: Continuities and Divergences in Black Autobiographies, (New York: Palgrave, 2003), 53.
19.
Darlene Clark Hine and Earnestine Jenkins, A Question of Manhood: A Reader in U.S. Black Men’s History and Masculinity, vols. 1 &2 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), 14.
20.
Craig Wilkins, “Brothers/Others: Gonna Paint the White House Black . . .” in Revealing Male Bodies, eds. William Cowling, Maurice Hamington, Greg Johnson et al. (Bloomington: Indiana, 1992), 199–200.
21.
It is common for most studies and classes of anticolonial activity in the United States to begin in 1945. Yet, I begin in 1940 with the publication of Wright’s Native Son. Several landmark texts were published as a “corrective” to Biggers reactive, destructive representation of African American manhood.
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