Civil Government in the United States Considered with Some Reference to Its Origins. Fiske John
Does any one absolutely escape taxation?
15. Does the poll-tax payer pay, in any sense, more than his poll-tax?
16. Are there any taxes that people pay without seeming to know it? If so, what? (See below, chap. viii. section 8.).
17. Have we clans to-day among ourselves? (Think of family reunions, people of the same name in a community, descendants of early settlers, etc.). What important differences exist between these modern so-called clans and the ancient ones?
18. What is a "clannish" spirit? Is it a good spirit or a bad one? Is it ever the same as patriotism?
19. Look up the meaning of ham, wick, and stead. Think of towns whose names contain these words; also of towns whose names contain the word tun or ton or town.
20. Give an account of the tithing-man in early New England.
21. In what sense is the word "parish" commonly used in the United States? Is the parish the same as the church? Has it any limits of territory?
22. In Massachusetts, clergymen were formerly paid out of the taxes of the township. How did this come about? In this practice was there a union or a separation of church and state?
23. Ministers are not now supported by taxation in the United States. What important change in the parish idea does this fact indicate? Is it a change for the better?
24. Are women who do not vote represented in town government?
25. Are boys and girls represented in town government?
26. Is there anybody in a town who is not represented in its government?
27. How are citizens of a town represented in state government?
28. How are citizens of a town represented in the national government?
29. Imagine a situation in which the ballot of a single voter in a town might affect the action of the national government.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE.
Section 1. THE NEW ENGLAND TOWNSHIP. There is a good account in Martin's Text Book on Civil Government in the United States. N. T. & Chicago, 1875.
Section 2. ORIGIN OF THE TOWNSHIP. Here the Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, edited by Dr. Herbert Adams, are of great value. Note especially series I, no. i, E. A. Freeman, Introduction to American Institutional History; I., ii. iv. viii. ix.-x. H. B. Adams, The Germanic Origin of New England Towns, Saxon Tithing-Men in America, Norman Constables in America, Village Communities of Cape Ann and Salem; II., x. Edward Channing, Town and County Government in the English Colonies of North America; IV., xi.-xii. Melville Egleston, The Land System of the New England Colonies; VII., vii.-ix. C. M. Andrews, The River Towns of Connecticut.
See also Howard's Local Constitutional History of the United States, vol. i. "Township, Hundred, and Shire," Baltimore, 1889, a work of extraordinary merit.
The great book on local self-government in England is Toulmin Smith's The Parish, 2d ed., London, 1859. For the ancient history of the township, see Gomme's Primitive Folk-Moots, London, 1880; Gomme's Village Community, London, 1890; Seebohm's English Village Community, London, 1883; Nasse's Agricultural Community of the Middle Ages, London, 1872; Laveleye's Primitive Property, London, 1878; Phear's Aryan Village in India and Ceylon, London, 1880; Hearn (of the University of Melbourne, Australia), The Aryan Household, London & Melbourne, 1879; and the following works of Sir Henry Maine: Ancient Law, London, 1861; Village Communities in the East and West, London, 1871; Early History of Institutions, London, 1875; Early Law and Custom, London, 1883. All of Maine's works are republished in New York. See also my American Political Ideas, N. Y., 1885.
Gomme's Literature of Local Institutions, London, 1886, contains an extensive bibliography of the subject, with valuable critical notes and comments.
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