A Companion to Chomsky. Группа авторов
Mark, and Reiss, Charles. The Phonological Enterprise. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008.
24 Halle, Morris. The Sound Pattern of Russian. Mouton & Company, The Hague, 1959.
25 Halle, Morris. Phonology in generative grammar. Word, 18(1‐3):54–72, 1962.
26 Halle, Morris. On the bases of phonology. In Jerrold J. Katz and Jerry Fodor, editors, The structure of language, chapter 9, pages 324–333. Prentice‐Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1964.
27 Hammarberg, Robert. The metaphysics of coarticulation. Journal of Phonetics, 4:353–363, 1976.
28 Hayes, Bruce, Kirchner, Robert Martin, and Steriade, Donca. Phonetically based phonology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004.
29 Householder, Fred W. On some recent claims in phonological theory. Journal of linguistics, 1(1):13–34, 1965.
30 Jackendoff, Ray. The problem of reality. In Languages of the mind : essays on mental representation, pages 157–176. MIT Press, 1992.
31 Kager, René. Optimality Theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999.
32 Kisseberth, Charles W. On the functional unity of phonological rules. Linguistic Inquiry, 1(3):291–306, 1970.
33 Leduc, Marjorie, Reiss, Charles, and Volenec, Veno. Votic vowel harmony in Substance Free Logical Phonology. In Oxford Handbook of vowel harmony. Oxford University Press, Oxford, Forthcoming.
34 Liberman, Alvin M., and Mattingly, Ignatius G. The motor theory of speech perception revised. Cognition, 21(1):1–36, 1985.
35 Marr, David. Vision: a computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1982.
36 McCarthy, John. Remarks on phonological opacity in optimality theory. In J. Lecarme, J. Lowenstamm, and U. Shlonsky, editors, Studies in Afroasiatic Grammar: Papers from the Second Conference on Afroasiatic Linguistics, Sophia Antipolis, 1994, pages 215–243. Holland Academic Graphics, The Hague, 1996.
37 McCarthy, John, and Prince, Alan. Prosodic Morphology I: Constraint interaction and satisfaction. Technical Report# 3, Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science, 1993.
38 McCarthy, John, and Prince, Alan. Faithfulness and reduplicative identity. In Jill Beckman, Laura Walsh Dickey, and Suzanne Urbancyk, editors, University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 18, pages 249–384. GLSA, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amhert, MA, 1995.
39 McCarthy, John J. Doing optimality theory: Applying theory to data. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
40 Mielke, Jeffrey. The emergence of distinctive features. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008.
41 Prince, Alan, and Smolensky, Paul. Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar (Technical Report). Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science, New Brunswick, NJ, 1993.
42 Pylyshyn, Zenon. Computation and cognition: Toward a foundation for cognitive science. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1984. ISBN 0262160986.
43 Reiss, Charles. Substance Free Phonology. In S.J. Hannahs and Anna Bosch, editors, Handbook of Phonological Theory, pages 425–452. Routledge, New York, 2017.
44 Rey, Georges. Intentional Content and a Chomskian Linguistics. In Alex Barber, editor, Epistemology of Language, pages 140–186. Oxford University Press, 2003.
45 Sagey, Elizabeth Caroline. The representation of features and relations in non‐linear phonology. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986.
46 Smith, Neil. Acquiring phonology: a cross‐generational case‐study. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
47 Stanton, Juliet. Constraints on contrast motivate nasal cluster dissimilation. Phonology, 36(4):655–694, 2019.
48 Tesar, Bruce. Output‐driven phonology: Theory and learning. Cambridge University Press, 2014.
49 Volenec, Veno, and Reiss, Charles. Cognitive Phonetics: The transduction of distinctive features at the phonology‐phonetics interface. Biolinguistics, 11, 2018.
50 Volenec, Veno, and Reiss, Charles. Formal Generative Phonology. Radical: A Journal of Phonology, 2020.
51 Yip, Moira. The Obligatory Contour Principle and phonological rules: A loss of identity. Linguistic Inquiry, 19:65–100, 1988.
52 Zec, Draga. The syllable. In Paul de Lacy, editor, The Cambridge handbook of phonology. pages 161‐194. Cambridge University Press, 2007.
7 Language as a Branch of Psychology: Chomsky and Cognitive Science1
LILA GLEITMAN
Professor Emerita in the Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Editors' note: Lila Gleitman studied with Zellig Harris in the 1950s, shortly after Chomsky did, and then over the decades since has been a leading proponent of Chomsky's views in psychology, training many of its leading researchers in the field. Her work has been so important and influential in the development of those views there that she was the first person the editors of this volume turned to provide a perspective on that development.
Most of this chapter has been extracted from an article by Professors Gleitman, Mark Y. Liberman, Cynthia A. McLemore, and Barbara H. Partee, “The Impossibility of Language Acquisition (and How They Do It),” which appeared in the Annual Review of Linguistics 2019, 5:17.1–17.24 (online at clinguist.annualreviews.org). Those authors own the copyright, but have granted permission to the present editors to reproduce the portions included here.
Both that article and the present one consist of an autobiographical interview with Professor Gleitman: the style and first‐person voice throughout is hers, and the occasional interpolations in square‐brackets are those of her and the other authors (additions and interpolations in curly brackets are those of the present editors). The three opening paragraphs below and a new section 10 have been added by Professor Gleitman (Section 11 is the original's Section 10). To keep within the word limits, we have omitted the earlier article's Sections 5–9, except for their titles. Professor Gleitman especially thanks Cynthia McLemore, Sharon Armstong, Claire Gleitman, and Mark Liberman, whose aid was crucial in organizing the new material presented here.
*****************
Noam Chomsky, almost single‐handedly, exposed the bankruptcy of radical Behaviorism and its learning theoretic handmaiden, passive associationism, as the explanatory basis for human language learning and knowledge; for the opening discussion in this regard, see his {1959} “Review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior,” which appeared in the journal Language.
Initially, my own vague presupposition about language learning, in common with most scientists as well as laypersons of that time, was that language learning is at bottom an outside‐in procedure, a more or less straightforward function from what is heard to what is known. After all, exposed to English, the English learn English, and exposed to French, the French learn French. This truism accepted, the question remains how the young human mind records, manipulates, and organizes this database. Chomsky's insistence on understanding the class of problems here has played a major role in the emergence of the field now known as Cognitive Science.
Excerpted below is a section of an autobiographical description of the factors that led me from initial empiricist leanings to Chomsky's position emphasizing language as the pinnacle of human cognitive competence.
*****************
This autobiographical article, which began as an interview, reports some reflections by Lila Gleitman on the development of her thinking and her research – in concert with a host of esteemed collaborators over the years – on issues of language and mind, focusing on how language is acquired. Gleitman entered the field of linguistics