Electromagnetic Methods in Geophysics. Fabio Giannino

      1 Chapter 2Table 2.1.1 Values of the relative dielectric constant ε_r, electrical conduct...Table 2.1.2 Wavelength values λ as a function of the frequency at several ele...

      2 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Suitable sampling intervals and corresponding antenna frequencies (...

      3 Chapter 7Table 7.1 summary of the results in all the bridge sector after GPR data inte...Table 7.2 Gate intervals (starting from first gate useable for modelling) and...

      1 Chapter 2Figure 2.1.1 Sketch of the basic components of a GPR system and principle of...Figure 2.1.2 Schematic illustration of data acquisition in the reflection pr...Figure 2.1.3 Schematic illustration of data acquisition in the a) CMP, b) tr...Figure 2.1.4 Electromagnetic‐wave velocity measurements: (a) the known objec...Figure 2.1.5 Electromagnetic wave velocity analysis with the hyperbola adapt...Figure 2.1.6 Relation between EM wave velocity and frequency (a) and between...Figure 2.1.7 Elliptical cone of GPR penetration into the ground.Figure 2.2.1 1) The magnet does not move and no electric current is measured...Figure 2.2.2 A magnetic field is generated (dashed splines) when an electric...Figure 2.2.3 Sketch of the propagation of an EM filed generated by a transmi...Figure 2.2.4 Sketch of the phase relation between the primary and the second...Figure 2.2.5 Sketch of the response of the Real component (solid line) and t...Figure 2.2.6 Vertical dipole (1) and horizontal dipole (2) FDEM data acquisi...Figure 2.2.7 relative contribution to the secondary magnetic field H_s respec...Figure 2.3.1 Typical TDEM acquisition scheme.Figure 2.3.2 A Prototype acquisition TDEM system. All the essential parts of...Figure 2.3.3 Prototype acquisition ProTEM manufactured by Geonics Ltd. (www....Figure 2.3.4 The circular‐shaped receiving coil of the ProTEM (Geonics Ltd.)...Figure 2.3.5 The square‐shaped receiving coil of the TDEM system.Figure 2.3.6 Scheme of injection of the current with a TDEM system. (a) In t...Figure 2.3.7 Example of decaying curve of the measured tension with time (fr...Figure 2.3.8 Sketch of the decaying curve of the measured tension with time....

      2 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Scheme of Georadar system.Figure 3.2 Graph of the function expressed in eq. 1, drawn by 2001 points.Figure 3.3 Graph of the function expressed in eq. 1, drawn by 7 points.Figure 3.4 Graph of the function expressed in eq. 1, drawn by 17 points.Figure 3.5 Graph of the function expressed in eq. 1, drawn by 40 points.Figure 3.6 Graph of the function expressed in Eq. (3.2), drawn by 7x7 points...Figure 3.7 Graph of the function expressed in Eq. (3.2), drawn by 20x20 poin...Figure 3.8 Graph of the function expressed in Eq. (3.2), drawn by 100x100 po...Figure 3.9 Graph of the function expressed in Eq. (3.2), drawn by 200x200 po...Figure 3.10 Graph of the function expressed in Eq. (3.2), drawn by 1500x1500...Figure 3.11 Representation of a sine wave.Figure 3.12 Top panel: two sinc functions that are cut at half height. Botto...Figure 3.13 The reconfigurable stepped‐frequency Georadar system.Figure 3.14 Scheme for reconfigurable antennas: the antennas are “short” if ...Figure 3.15 Schematization of the method for calculating the radar equation....Figure 3.16 TPL as a function of the reflector distance when A changes (modi...Figure 3.17 Basic architecture of a GPR.Figure 3.18 Experimental graph of the TPL versus penetration depth, obtained...Figure 3.19 Short time window losing the target.Figure 3.20 GPR trace: 512 samples per trace (a), and 128 samples per trace ...Figure 3.21 Radar section acquired with a spatial sample interval of 4 trace...Figure 3.22 (a) Radar section acquired with a spatial sample interval of 0.0...Figure 3.23 Data acquisition. Acquisition mode without GNSS.Figure 3.24 Data acquisition. Acquisition mode with GNSS.Figure 3.25 GPR profiles in x‐direction and 1.0 m spaced: the depth slice vi...Figure 3.26 GPR profiles in y‐direction and 1.0 m spaced: the depth slice vi...Figure 3.27 GPR profiles in xy‐direction and 1.0 m spaced: the depth slice v...Figure 3.28 The depth slice visualization: (a) x‐direction, (b) y‐direction,...Figure 3.29 GPR profiles in x‐direction and 0.5 m spaced: the depth slice vi...Figure 3.30 GPR profiles in y‐direction and 0.5 m spaced: the depth slice vi...Figure 3.31 GPR profiles in xy‐direction and 0.5 m spaced: the depth slice v...Figure 3.32 The depth slice visualization: (a) x‐direction, (b) y‐direction,...Figure 3.33 GPR profiles in x‐direction and 0.25 m spaced: the depth slice v...Figure 3.34 GPR profiles in y‐direction and 0.25 m spaced: the depth slice v...Figure 3.35 GPR profiles in xy‐direction and 0.25 m spaced: the depth slice ...Figure 3.36 The depth slice visualization: (a) x‐direction, (b) y‐direction,...Figure 3.37 The depth slice visualization: (a) x‐direction 1 m (b) x‐directi...Figure 3.38 The depth slice visualization: (a) y‐direction 1 m, (b) y‐direct...Figure 3.39 The depth slice visualization: (a) xy‐direction 1 m, (b) xy‐dire...Figure 3.40 The IDS Stream C.Figure 3.41 The depth slices 0.4‐0.6m depth: (a) IDS GeoRadar Stream C, (b) ...Figure 3.42 The real‐time display of GPR data.Figure 3.43 (a) GPR raw data; (b) GPR time‐zero correction data. Red arrow i...Figure 3.44 (a) Radar section with a coherent effect related to antenna‐grou...Figure 3.45 (a) Radar section with a coherent banding effect (ringing), the ...Figure 3.46 (a) Radar section without gain function, (b) moderate gain funct...Figure 3.47 Radar section with topographical correction.Figure 3.48 Effect of band pass filter on both the spectrum and single trace...Figure 3.49 (a) GPR raw data, (b) GPR band‐pass filtered data.Figure 3.50 (a) GPR antenna passing on a buried tube, (b) typical reflection...Figure 3.51 (a) GPR raw data, (b) GPR migrated data. Is possible to see (red...Figure 3.52 F‐K filter applied to remove signal (noise) originating