.
Victor F. Bense
This third edition first published 2021
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Edition History Blackwell Science Ltd (1e, 2005); John Wiley & Sons Ltd (2e, 2014)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Kevin M. Hiscock and Victor F. Bense to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
Registered Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
Editorial Office 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Hiscock, K. M. (Kevin M.), author. | Bense, V. F. (Victor Franciscus), author. | John Wiley & Sons, publisher.
Title: Hydrogeology : principles and practice / Kevin M. Hiscock and Victor F. Bense.
Description: Third edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021003266 (print) | LCCN 2021003267 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119569534 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119569527 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119569510 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Hydrogeology.
Classification: LCC GB1003.2 .H57 2021 (print) | LCC GB1003.2 (ebook) | DDC 551.49–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021003266 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021003267
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © Kevin Hiscock
Cover caption: Sluice overflow at Cheddar Rising, Somerset, England. With a catchment area of 40 km2, the Cheddar resurgence is the largest of the Mendip Hills springs, with flow varying from 0.6–10 m3s−1. The main conduit is blocked by scree through which water emerges from many outlets in the bed of the artificial lake.
List of colour plates
Plate 1.1 Examples of now redundant village pumps once widespread in their use in Britain: (a) the wooden pump on Queen’s Square, Attleborough, Norfolk, enclosed 1897; and (b) the large Shalders pump used in the days before tarmac for dust‐laying on the old turnpike (Newmarket Road) at Cringleford, near Norwich, Norfolk.
Plate 1.2 Arcade of the aqueduct Aqua Claudia situated in the Parco degli Acquedotti, 8 km east of Rome. The aqueduct, which is built of cut stone masonry, also carries the brick‐faced concrete Anio Novus, added later on top of the Aqua Claudia.
Plate 1.3 The baroque mostra of the Trevi Fountain in Rome. Designed by Nicola Salvi in 1732, and fed by the Vergine aqueduct, it depicts Neptune’s chariots being led by Tritons with sea horses, one wild and one docile, representing the various moods of the sea.
Plate 1.4 Global map of epithermal neutron currents measured on the planet Mars obtained by the NASA Odyssey Neutron Spectrometer orbiter. Epithermal neutrons provide the most sensitive measure of hydrogen in surface soils. Inspection of the global epithermal map shows high hydrogen content (blue colour) in surface soils south of about 60° latitude and in a ring that almost surrounds the north polar cap. The maximum intensity in the northern ring coincides with a region of high albedo and low thermal inertia, which are both required for near‐surface water ice to be stable. Also seen are large regions near the equator that contain enhanced near‐surface hydrogen, which is most likely in the form of chemically and/or physically bound water and/or hydroxyl radicals since water ice is not stable near the equator. (Source: Reproduced from Los Alamos National Laboratory. © Copyright 2011 Los Alamos National Security, LLC. All rights reserved.)
Plate 1.5 Hose reel and rain gun irrigation system applied to a potato field in Norfolk, eastern England on 30 May 2020 and supplied by groundwater from the underlying Cretaceous Chalk aquifer.
Plate 1.6 NASA Landsat‐7 satellite image of the Ouargla Oasis, Algeria on 20 December, 2000. In this false‐colour image, red indicates vegetation (the brighter the red, the more dominant the vegetation). Pale pink and orange tones show the desert landscape of sand and rock outcrops. The satellite image shows date palms surrounding the urban area of Ouargla and Chott Aïn el Beïda in the south‐west, a saline depression that has traditionally collected irrigation runoff, as well as the proliferation of irrigated land to the north and east of Ouargla in the vicinity of Chott Oum el Raneb. The width of the image shown is approximately 40 km. (Source: Reproduced from http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD. NASA images created by Jesse Allen and Rob Simmon, using Landsat data provided by the United States Geological Survey. Caption by Michon Scott.)
Plate 1.7 Estimated depth in metres below ground level (m bgl) to groundwater in Africa (Bonsor and MacDonald 2011). (Source: Bonsor, H.C. and MacDonald, A.M. (2011). An initial estimate of depth to groundwater across Africa,