Urban Remote Sensing. Группа авторов

Urban Remote Sensing - Группа авторов


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of the most common types of sensor data and their potential applications, which are important for researchers to consider when planning their specific projects. A brief description of the different sensor data and their advantages and disadvantages are provided as follows.

      3.2.2.1 RGB Cameras

      Visible‐spectrum cameras are the most used sensor paired with UAS platforms. These cameras generally collect high spatial resolution color imagery that can be used to generate digital elevation models (DEMs) and derive orthophoto mosaics.

      3.2.2.2 Multispectral Sensors

      Multispectral sensors extend beyond the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Multispectral images can be used to derive vegetation indices like Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (ENDVI). This type of sensor is primarily used in the fields of vegetation and agriculture (Adam et al., 2010). With much higher spatial resolution than traditional multispectral sensors mounted on airplanes or satellites, multispectral data collected with UAS allows for detailed examinations of phenomena like leave level farming (Calderón et al., 2014) and pads level water pollution issues (Kislik et al., 2018). However, they are significantly more expensive than RGB cameras. There is currently a lack of processing software that can handle various formats of multispectral data efficiently (Yao et al., 2019).

      3.2.2.3 Hyperspectral Sensors

      Hyperspectral sensors can capture spectral response at many narrow bands. With such a high spectral resolution, hyperspectral data are useful in many applications including vegetation analyses (Adam et al., 2010), precision agriculture (Haboudane et al., 2004), and urban mapping (Benediktsson et al., 2005). However, the high spectral resolution is often achieved at the cost of spatial resolution, and it is challenging to derive high‐accuracy products with limited meta‐information from the sensor manufacture (Yao et al., 2019).

      3.2.2.4 Thermal Cameras

      Thermal cameras are designed to detect thermal emission in the mid‐infrared range (Prakash, 2000). They are commonly used for temperature measurement in vegetation studies (Berni et al., 2009), environmental applications (Zarco‐Tejada et al., 2012), and real‐time detection of objects. Given the low flying height of UAS, the products can have a much higher spatial resolution and negligible atmospheric influence. However, UAS‐based thermal cameras usually do not have cooled detectors because of their size, which can lead to low sensitivity and capture rates (Yao et al., 2019).

      3.2.2.5 LiDAR

      When using UAS for remote data collection, there are several different approaches one can take depending on the desired data outcomes and the specific UAS platform and sensor available. UAS are versatile in their ability to be used for various data collection techniques, but the types of data one can collect are highly dependent on the specific type of UAS platform and sensors being used. Therefore, UAS are increasingly being designed and manufactured for specific data collection applications, such as vegetation monitoring in rural areas and 3D modeling of building construction in urban areas. Due to the diversity of scenarios where one can incorporate the use of UAS, professionals should pay close attention to what methods they utilize to collect data because there is no one‐size‐fits‐all approach. This does not mean, however, that there are no best practices associated with UAS data collection. In recent years, UAS and remote sensing researchers have identified effective methodologies and best practices associated with UAS data collection (Hodgson and Koh, 2016; Pepe et al., 2018; Wu and An, 2019; Stecz and Gromada, 2020). In addition to familiarizing oneself with the latest best practices for a specific application, individuals who are interested in using a UAS for data collection should pay attention on the three stages: mission planning, flight operations, and data processing.

      3.3.1 MISSION PLANNING (PREFLIGHT)

      When using a UAS for remote sensing purposes, operators need to firstly think about their specific project and what their goals are. Because there is no one‐size‐fits‐all approach to using UAS for remote sensing, operators need to situate the technology within the intended project or application. This can often be accomplished by addressing several questions: What am I trying to address in my project? What type of data can a UAS provide to my project? Do I need a particular platform or sensor to acquire that type of data? Where will I be collecting my data (i.e. environmental context)? What potential obstacles could prevent me from acquiring that data? Are these potential obstacles physical (tall buildings, trees, powerlines), regulatory (illegal to fly in that location, limitations on altitude), or a combination of the two? By answering these questions, operators will be able to put together a cohesive and well‐structured mission plan for their project. While there are various ways one can conceptualize a mission plan, Pepe et al. (2018) proposed a useful mission planning framework consisting of several integral components, such as determining the suitable UAS platform and sensor for the application, selecting a suitable flight plan design, and analyzing the user‐determined factors that can impact the flight process. The first component, a discussion of the various types of UAS platforms and sensors, was already discussed in Section 3.2, and here we will focus on the last two components: flight design and flight factors.


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