Bioprospecting of Microorganism-Based Industrial Molecules. Группа авторов

Bioprospecting of Microorganism-Based Industrial Molecules - Группа авторов


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monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) [42]. These pollutants upon skin absorption can induce direct oxidative damage to skin cells and extracellular matrix elements. Conversely, they may also display indirect toxic effects by stimulating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) transduction pathway [43]. AhR is present in skin cells whose natural ligand is a xenobiotic compound dioxin. AhR activation induces the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, which are involved in xenobiotic compound degradation. Certain by‐products/intermediates of this pathway are toxic to the cell in the sense that they may generate oxidative stress [43]. AhR pathway can be activated by several VOCs and gaseous pollutants with variable efficacies. Recurrent exposer of skin to such air pollutants will accelerate the skin aging process.

      Overall, our skin needs to be carefully looked in before applying any cream, lotion, or ointment on the skin. Normally, creams are composed of either synthetic or natural ingredients. To date, due to high demand and consumption under the skincare segment, much of the creams are combinations of synthetic chemicals. However, drawbacks like side reactions, allergy are shifting the interest of the market on organic, herbal, or natural cosmetics. Also, to fulfil current market demand, most of the companies are working on finding a biological source for the production of important cosmetic compounds instead of going to generate new synthetic compounds. This trend will lead to the sustainable production of cosmetics using biological origin to satisfy the consumers' demand [44].

      4.4.1 Bacterial Compounds

      Bacteria are known to produce diverse and novel compounds with antiaging and antioxidant properties. Bacterial cultures have some definite advantages over fungal cultures, like fast growth, short life cycle, ease of genetic manipulation, and broader range pH and temperature tolerance. These types of bacterial compounds are spread in different domains of biomolecules ranging from peptides, carbohydrate derivatives, organic acids, lipid and derivatives, amino acids and secondary metabolites, etc. The class and range of these commercial important biologically active compounds produced by bacteria include polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, exopolysaccharides (EPS), biosurfactants, proteins, peptides, vitamins, etc. Although the yield not only depends upon the type of product but also upon the kind of bacteria, its metabolic profile, nutritional source, and physiological conditions, advances in genetic engineering, fermentation technology, and advanced purification methodologies have helped in enhancing the bacterial product yields to a greater level.

      4.4.2 Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides

      4.4.2.1 Hyaluronic Acid

      HA is a major component of the dermal skin matrix present in every tissue and body fluid. As an effect of the aging process, there is a gradual decrease in the glycosaminoglycan HA content in the dermal layer resulting in skin dryness glycosaminoglycan (GAG) hyaluronic acid. Protection from ultraviolet radiation, tissue regeneration, and water retention properties of HA has been reported [51, 52].

      Cyclodextrins are a class of cyclic oligosaccharides that are made of glucose molecules linked with α‐(1→4) linkage to form a close ring structure. Cyclodextrins find large applications in cosmetic products [53]. Bacterial cyclodextrinase enzyme helps to obtain a cyclic form of dextrin. Production of cyclodextrins is reported in Brevibacillus brevis strain CD 162 and Mycobacterium terrae KNR 9 [54, 55]. Cyclodextrins obtained from bacterial enzymatic transformations find applications in skin‐cleaning products due to its potential to increase the solubility of substances that are secreted by the skin, including fats. The addition of cyclodextrin complex with tanning agent dihydroxyacetone helps to vanish the odor of later. In a similar case, glutathione used to reduce melanin pigmentation, skin whitening, and improved skin texture. But the odor of glutathione prevents its extensive use in cosmetic products. But if the glutathione is mixed with cyclodextrins, it prevents the bad odor of glutathione yet holding the same effect on the skin [56]. Cyclodextrin is used to decrease the rate of volatilization of esters, sustained release, and longevity of aroma in perfumes, deodorants, and room freshener products and detergents. Fine cyclodextrin powders are also used in talcum, diapers, sanitary pads, diaper pads, napkins, etc., to control the odor.

      4.4.2.2 Bacterial Cellulose

      Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a natural homopolysaccharide made of repeating with B‐(1→4) linkages [57]. Bacterial cellulose shares all the properties shown by plant cellulose. The plant cellulose complexes with other natural polymers like hemicellulose and lignin, but BC is produced and obtained in relatively pure form. BC can be from several groups of bacteria like Gluconacetobacter xylinus, Gluconacetobacter hansenii, Glucoacetobacter pasteurianus [58, 59]. BC is used to make biomembranes that can be used in medicine and cosmetics and to its high degree of hydration has enhanced its uses in moisturizing creams


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