Antiracist Counseling in Schools and Communities. Группа авторов
must first have critical awareness and then commit to a journey of internal transformation. More important, having a critical awareness of the systemic presence of racism within the field of school counseling builds a space to (a) understand how racism and white supremacy are reproduced and what interrupting this reproduction requires and (b) anticipate and navigate roadblocks that derail progress.
Counselor educators, school counselors, and school counselors-in-training are encouraged to adopt a lifelong critical self-awareness whereby they continuously reflect on their own bias, worldview, and positionality (Ratts et al., 2016). Holcomb-McCoy’s (2004) checklist provides a useful tool for engaging in this reflective practice. Aimed at the white school counselors who dominate the field (American School Counselor Association, 2020; Mitcham-Smith, 2007), Holcomb-McCoy’s tool offers a comprehensive set of prompts that allows one to critically self-reflect their whiteness and other layers of their social status (e.g., class), their awareness of racism, and their potential to counsel Black and Brown students. Exploration of oneself is a foundational practice in producing systemic change. When speaking of the threat of whiteness, Bettina Love (2019) stated the following:
Whiteness cannot enter spaces focused on abolitionist teaching. Whiteness is addicted to centering itself, addicted to attention, and making everyone feel guilty for working toward its elimination. Whiteness will never allow true solidarity to take place. Those who cling to their Whiteness cannot participate in abolitionist teaching because they are a distraction, are unproductive, and will undermine freedom at every step, sometimes in the name of social justice. Being an abolitionist means you are ready to lose something, you are ready to let go of your privilege, you are ready to be in solidarity with dark people by recognizing your Whiteness in dark spaces, recognizing how it can take up space if unchecked, using your Whiteness in White spaces to advocate for and with dark people. And you understand that your White privilege allows you to take risks that dark people cannot take in the fight for educational justice. (p. 159)
Although Love speaks of abolitionist teaching, her observations are applicable for all who engage with Black students in educational settings. Whiteness permeates the psyche and influences thoughts and behaviors and should be interrogated and challenged (Malott & Paone, 2011). School counselors of color should also engage in ongoing reflection. Like the teachers represented in Kohli’s (2014) research examining how teachers of color actively work to develop racially just classrooms, school counselors of color would benefit from engaging in critical self-awareness work to combat internalized racism that may cause them to support white supremacy ideologies, policies, and practices.
Some of the ideas and practices upheld by the school counseling profession perpetuate white supremacy and systematically harm Black students. Such ideas include theories like social-emotional learning (Griffin et al., 2020; King-White & Kurt, 2019) and grit (Duckworth et al., 2007). Social-emotional learning is influenced by Eurocentric norms and justifies the draconian disciplining of Black and Brown students (Kaler-Jones, 2020; Love, 2019). These tools are not different from the American School Counselor Association’s (2014) Mindsets and Behaviors for Student Success. This tool provides “35 mindset and behavior standards to identify and prioritize the specific attitudes, knowledge, and skills students should be able to demonstrate as a result of a school counseling program” (p. 1). Although the mind-set and behavior standards are informed by college and career readiness scholarship and other empirical studies exploring how students learn, there is little acknowledgment that this literature centers whiteness and provides student self-management and social skills dispositions where success can theoretically be achieved through respectability (Love, 2019; Morris, 2016). Success, conceptualized this way, ignores how oppression constrains one’s capacity to be successful and further romanticizes the Western myth of meritocracy (Bell, 2002). For example, the self-management skill “demonstrate the ability to overcome barriers to learning” places the responsibility on the Black or Brown student to overcome racist structures and practices like standardized tests (Au, 2016), disproportionately funded schools (Vaught, 2009), and overpolicing (Morris, 2016; Washington & Henfield, 2018). In addition, social skills like “use effective oral and written communication skills and listening skills” can be used subjectively to elevate students who speak standard English but subjugate students who do not speak English as their first language or who use culturally specific vernacular that is stereotyped as ignorant or less intelligent by the dominant culture (general dishonor). These skills do not hold racist school leaders, policies, and structures responsible for creating and maintaining toxic spaces for Black students to navigate.
In addition, these skills, like the previously mentioned theories, render the experiences of students of color obtuse, not normal, and in need of correcting. If these theories or tools are used by individuals who do not hold a critical standpoint, they can be physically and psychologically dangerous. Most important, students who hold a critical awareness of the system and attempt to advocate for themselves are criminalized, viewed as noncompliant, and labeled “troublemakers.” Viewing Black people as noncompliant aligns with a history deeply rooted in psychology. Black people who dared to seek freedom from bondage or refused to remain quiet were violently punished for questioning their oppression and subordination (Guthrie, 2004).
When facing oneself and others in dismantling systems of oppression, there are many strategies in which one may actively engage to facilitate an ongoing reflective practice to name racism and white supremacy. In addition to using Holcomb-McCoy’s (2004) checklist, these strategies include, but are not limited to, (a) actively engaging in critical dialogues about race (Kohli, 2014; Singh et al., 2010); (b) engaging in self-exploration activities that enhance one’s awareness of one’s worldview and positionality (Singh, 2019); (c) examining what it means to be white (Malott & Paone, 2011); (d) increasing one’s knowledge of the history of oppression; and (e) building genuine working relationships with students, families, and communities (Singh et al., 2010; Washington & Henfield, 2019).
A Political Critical Standpoint
In this section we argue that decolonizing the Western hegemony in the counseling canon requires that counseling professionals acquire a political critical standpoint. Prilleltensky (1994) used the term “political critical standpoint” to refer to a critical awareness (i.e., active, persistent, and careful consideration) of the social, political, and moral assumptions implicit in psychological and counseling theories and practices. A political critical standpoint acknowledges that the counseling canon is not value neutral or immune to the influence of Western ideologies used to justify the existing racial hierarchy. Despite pretensions of being morally, politically, and ethically neutral, counseling, which is heavily influenced by psychology, is fundamentally Eurocentric, both in theory and in practice (Katz, 1985; Sue, 2006; Sue & Sue, 1999; White, 1984). So it should come as no surprise that the counseling canon (i.e., the body of books, narratives, theories, and other texts considered to be the most important and influential in counseling) inherently reflects whiteness and that this reflection acts as the profession’s unnamed norms. Whiteness refers to how white people, their customs, their culture, and their beliefs operate as the standard by which all other racial groups are compared. Thus, any behaviors, values, beliefs, and lifestyles that differ from white American norms are seen as deficient, inferior, and even deviant (Prilleltensky, 1994; Rivera & Torres, 2015; White & Parham, 1990).
The Western hegemony in the counseling canon has served to perpetuate a view that cultural difference is inherently pathological and has also undergirded racist research and counseling practices (Sue et al., 1992). Several writers (Bulhan, 1990; Guthrie, 1970; Katz, 1985; Naidoo, 1996; Prilleltensky, 1994; Sue et al., 1992) have highlighted how psychology and counseling theories and practices tend to support the racist status quo by (a) attributing excessive weight to individual factors in explaining clients’/students’ problems and social behavior while largely ignoring social determinants of mental health, such as racial discrimination and social inequalities; (b) endorsing microlevel counseling interventions for social, political, and economic problems impacting clients/students of color, thereby diverting attention away from macrolevel skills (e.g., advocacy, policy analysis, community organizing) to address large-scale social issues such as anti-Black racism; (c) rejecting the notion that biases and dominant