Investor Relations and Financial Communication. Alexander V. Laskin

1 Introduction to Investor Relations and Financial Communication

      Definition

      Many people rely on the stock markets and entrust their future to the efficiency of the investment system. Think about it: in the United States alone pension and retirement saving accounts constitute about US$20 trillion in assets, with most of those assets being equities and bonds. Efficient markets require information in order to function properly – corporations disclose important details related to their operations and finances to ensure all market participants, from professional investors managing billions of dollars to a retired teacher in Iowa with a few hundred dollars invested, have the same access to the information they need to make an informed decision about their investments. Investor relations professionals are on mile one of this information highway, enabling timely and comprehensive disclosure in order to help all investors better understand the company’s business and its value, and help investors better understand what they can expect from their investments in the future. In other words, the goal of investor relations becomes not just disclosure of information but educating investors and managing their expectations related to the accurate, or fair, value of the corporations.

      The largest professional organization for investor relations, the National Investor Relations Institute (NIRI), proposes the following definition of investor relations: “a strategic management responsibility that integrates finance, communication, marketing and securities law compliance to enable the most effective two-way communication between a company, the financial community, and other constituencies, which ultimately contributes to a company’s securities achieving fair valuation.”

The key part of this definition is the fair valuation – this is what all investor relations activities should be targeted at according to the NIRI’s definition. This focus on fairness is important. It means investor relations professionals, who are often referred to as IROs (investor relations officers), should be eager to disclose negative information as much as positive; information that can pull the stock price down as much as information that can push the stock price up. Indeed, if IROs focus only on positive updates and trying to hide or diminish the impact of negative developments, they may contribute to a phenomenon called overvaluation, which is when stock price is priced above its fair market level. The danger of overvaluation lies in overcorrection: if and when all information finally becomes available, market participants may overreact to the negative news as it would typically come as a surprise, as a leak, or as a discovery by a third party such as a business journalist or a financial analyst, and may send the stock price below even what would be the fair price. In addition, these events tend to undermine the credibility of the company, its management, and its investor relations department, compromising all future disclosures and putting the relationships between the company and the financial stakeholders at risk.

      The concept of fair market valuation is based on the efficient market hypothesis, which defines an efficient market as “a market in which prices always ‘fully reflect’ available information” (Fama, 1970, p. 383). Such a market is in equilibrium: all securities are fairly priced, according to their risks and returns. No investors can consistently outperform, or beat, the market, and thus there is no reason to constantly buy and sell shares of companies trying to outperform the average market return. The efficient market hypothesis, however, requires key assumptions to be met: all relevant information about the company and its performance is publicly available, all market participants have equal access to such information on a timely basis, and all investors are rational and capable of evaluating the information available to them.

      Thus, investor relations, a function charged with providing information about the company to shareholders, financial analysts, and other market participants, is at the very foundation of the efficient markets. In fact, investor relations becomes a key activity not just for a particular company but for the whole modern economy. The survival of modern capitalism depends on how well IROs perform their task in ensuring equal access to information for various financial market participants. IROs are tasked with ensuring that the key assumptions of the efficient market hypothesis are met through extensive and timely disclosure of all relevant information pertaining to the company and its securities.

      It is not enough for IROs just to disclose the information, however, for the share price to arrive at its fair value. Disclosure in itself may not be enough for a successful investor relations program. The efficient market hypothesis requires not just access to information but also understanding of the information and developing reasonable expectations based on such information.