Algebra and Applications 2. Группа авторов
that this sequence is locally stationary, that is, for any x ∈ ℋ there exists N(x) ∈ ℕ, such that ψn(x) = ψN (x) (x) for any n ≥ N(x). Then, the limit of (ψn) exists and is clearly defined by:
□
As a corollary, the Lie algebra
1.3.5. Characters
Let ℋ be a connected filtered Hopf algebra over k, and let A be a k-algebra. We will consider unital algebra morphisms from ℋ to the target algebra
The notion of character involves only the algebra structure of ℋ. On the contrary, the convolution product on
PROPOSITION 1.10.– Let ℋ be any Hopf algebra over k, and let be a commutative k-algebra. Then, the characters from ℋ to form a group under the convolution product, and for any , the inverse is given by:
[1.26]
PROOF.– Using the fact that Δ is an algebra morphism, we have for any x, y ∈ ℋ:
If
The unit
We call infinitesimal characters with values in the algebra those elements α of
PROPOSITION 1.11.– Let ℋ be a connected filtered Hopf algebra, and suppose that is a commutative algebra. Let (respectively ) be the set of characters of ℋ with values in (respectively the set of infinitesimal characters of ℋ with values in ). Then, is a subgroup of G, the exponential restricts to a bijection from onto , and is a Lie subalgebra of .
PROOF.– Take two infinitesimal characters α and β with values in
Using the commutativity of
which shows that
as easily seen by induction on n. A straightforward computation then yields:
with
The series above makes sense thanks to connectedness, as explained in section 1.3.4. Now let
1.3.6. Group schemes and the Cartier-Milnor-Moore-Quillen theorem
THEOREM 1.1 (Cartier, Milnor, Moore, Quillen).– Let be a cocommutative connected filtered Hopf algebra and let be the Lie algebra of its primitive elements, endowed with the filtration induced by the one of
PROOF.– The following proof is borrowed from Foissy’s thesis. The embedding
[1.27]
It is easy to show that φ is also a coalgebra morphism. It remains to show that φ is surjective, injective and respects the filtrations. Let us first prove the surjectivity by induction on the coradical filtration degree:
[1.28]
Set