Application of Nanotechnology in Mining Processes. Группа авторов

Application of Nanotechnology in Mining Processes - Группа авторов


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effect and shortcomings of AMD remediation methods will be highlighted as a background motivation in developing this procedure.

      Keywords: Acid rock drainage, dendrimers, magnetic iron oxides nanoparticle, potentially toxic elements, rare earth element

      On the one hand, treatment of AMD as required by environmental legislation has serious financial implications for the mining operators, but on the other hand, generation of AMD in former mining sites occurs long after active mining when the responsible mining companies no longer exist. Thus, treatment and remediation of AMD are an economic and financial burden to the mining company if the operation is still active, and to the community and their governments in closed or abandoned mines. Mine water discharging AMD is known to contain a consortium of dissolved elements, including precious metals and rare-earth elements (REE) [12]. Thus, AMD can be a valuable resource, especially of REE and precious metals that can generate more income and compensate for the treatment and remediation expenses of mine water and contaminated mining sites [13]. Furthermore, AMD can be regarded as an initial and natural process of hydrometallurgy of REE. However, extraction of REE from AMD is a big challenge due to the need for highly selective extraction methods, targeting only REE and leaving other metal ions dissolved in AMD to produce the required purity. Thus, recovery of REE from AMD is usually more expensive, resulting in AMD not being attractive as a source of REE. Nevertheless, using polymeric nanomaterials as hydrometallurgical extraction agents is promising to be a cost-effective and efficient method of extracting REE from AMD. One of the agent groups with high potential is Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers. Consequently, this chapter discusses the application of PAMAM dendrimers as an extraction agent of REE, evaluating their performance potential and the development of methods in which they are applied.

Sulfide ore bodies and formula Minerals present in the ore body with % content Application of the major elements in the ore body Regions of major deposit of ore bodies in the world Origin of occurrence
Arsenopyrite (FeAsS) Arsenopyrite is the major source of arsenic, with 46% Arsenic, 34.3% Iron, and 19.7% Sulfur in the ore body. It should be noted that the arsenic content is made up of minor gold deposits. Used in the manufacture of herbicide, alloys, wood preservative, medicine, insecticide, and rat poison. China, Morocco, Namibia, Russia, Belgium, Iran, and Japan Hydrothermal veins, pegmatite, contact metamorphism, and metasomatism
Bornite (Cu5FeS4) Source of rich-grade copper metal. The ore body contains 63.3% Copper (Cu), 11.1% Iron (Fe), and 25.6% Sulfur (S) Major applications are in electrical wires, cables, plumbing, currency, utensils, machinery, alloys, architecture, nutritional supplements, and agricultural fungicides United States, England, Austria, Zimbabwe, Morocco, Dzhezkazgan, and Kazakhstan In the zone of secondary supergene enrichment, source of rich copper metal
Chalcopyrite is the principal source of copper metal and accounts for approximately 70% of the copper deposits in the world. The ore body content is made up of 34.5% Copper (Cu), 30.5% Iron (Fe), and 35.0% Sulphur (S) Major applications of copper metal are in electrical wires, cables, plumbing, currency, utensils, machinery, alloys, architecture, nutritional supplements, agricultural fungicides, and space exploration capsules Chile, China, Peru, United States, DRC, Australia, Russia, Zambia, Canada, and Mexico Large, massive, irregular veins, disseminated and porphyry deposit at granitic/dioritic intrusive and SEDEX type
The ore body is a primary source of mercury. It contains 86.2% Mercury (Hg) and 13.8% Sulfur (S). Used in the manufacturing of industrial chemicals and in electronics, thermometers, medicine, cosmetics, pigments, and fluorescent lamps. Environmentally sensitive due to health and safety regulations China, Mexico, Kyrgyzstan, Peru, and Tajikistan Vein-filling by recent volcanic activity and acid-alkaline hot spring
Galena (PbS) Galena is the primary source of lead metal and one of the sources of sulfur. It contains 86.6% Lead (Pb) and 13.4% Sulfur (S). Used as a key ingredient for paint production, used in plumbing materials, bullets, automobile batteries, alloys, sheets, radiation shields, electrodes, ceramic glazes, stained glass, and cosmetics China,
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