Fractures in the Horse. Группа авторов
region: a retrospective study of 131 horses. Equine Vet. J. 44: 169–177.
82 82 Sparrow, T., Heller, J., and Farrell, M. (2015). in vitro assessment of aiming bias in the frontal plane during orthopaedic drilling procedures. Vet. Rec. 176: 412.
83 83 Gawande, A. (2002). Complications: A Surgeons Notes on an Imperfect Science. New York: Picador.
84 84 Gawande, A. (2007). Better: A Surgeons Notes on Performance. London: Profile Books.
85 85 Gawande, A. (2009). The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
86 86 Haynes, A.B., Weiser, T.G., Berry, W.R. et al. (2009). A surgical checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. N. Engl. J. Med. 360: 491–499.
87 87 Hofmeister, E.H., Quandt, J., Braun, C., and Shepard, M. (2014). Development, implementation and impact of simple patient safety interventions in a university teaching hospital. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 41: 243–248.
88 88 Bergstrőm, A., Dimopoulou, M., and Eldh, M. (2016). Relation of surgical complications in dogs and cats by the use of a surgical safety check list. Vet. Surg. 45: 571–576.
89 89 Cray, M.T., Selmic, L.E., McConnell, B.M. et al. (2018). Effect of implementation of surgical safety checklist on perioperative and postoperative complications at an academic institution in North America. Vet. Surg. 47: 1052–1065.
90 90 Onions, C.T. (1973). The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principals, 3e (ed. C.T. Onions). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
91 91 Bassage, L.H. and Ross, M.W. (1998). Enostosis‐like lesions in the long bones of 10 horses scintigraphic and radiographic features. Equine Vet. J. 30: 35–42.
92 92 Campbell, M.L.H. (2013). When does use become abuse in equestrian sport? Equine Vet. Educ. 25: 489–492.
93 93 Riggs, C.M. (2012). Chronicle of a death foretold. Equine Vet. J. 44: 631–632.
94 94 Symons, J.E., Hawkins, D.A., Fyhrie, D.P. et al. (2017). Modelling the effect of race surface and racehorse limb parameters on in silico fetlock motion and propensity for injury. Equine Vet. J. 49: 681–687.
95 95 Colgate, V.A., Group, F., and Marr, C.M. (2020). Science‐in‐brief: risk assessment for reducing injuries of the fetlock bones in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet. J. 52: 482–488.
96 96 Clegg, P.D. (2011). Review article: HBLB'S advances in equine veterinary science and practice. Musculoskeletal disease and injury, now and in the future. Part 1: fractures and fatalities. Equine Vet. J. 43: 643–649.
97 97 Currey, J.D., Foreman, J., Laketić, I. et al. (1997). Effects of ionizing radiation on the mechanical properties of human bone. J. Orthop. Res. 15: 111–117.
98 98 Frisbie, D.D., McIlwraith, C.W., Arthur, R.M. et al. (2010). Serum biomarker levels for musculoskeletal disease in two‐ and three‐year‐old racing Thoroughbred horses: a prospective study in 130 horses. Equine Vet. J. 42: 643–651.
99 99 Trope, G.D., Ghasem‐Zadeh, A., Anderson, G.A. et al. (2015). Can high‐resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography imaging of subchondral and cortical bone predict condylar fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses? Equine Vet. J. 47: 428–432.
100 100 Tranquille, C.A., Murray, R.C., and Parkin, T.D.H. (2017). Can we use subchondral bone thickness on high‐field magnetic resonance images to identify Thoroughbred racehorses at risk of catastrophic lateral condylar fractures? Equine Vet. J. 49: 167–171.
101 101 Cresswell, E.N., McDonough, S.P., Palmer, S.E. et al. (2019). Can quantitative computed tomography detect bone morphologic changes associated with catastrophic proximal sesamoid bone fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses? Equine Vet. J. 51: 123–130.
102 102 Mizobe, F., Nomura, M., Ueno, T., and Yamada, K. (2019). Bone marrow oedema‐type signal in the proximal phalanx of Thoroughbred racehorses. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 81: 593–597.
103 103 Spriet, M., Espinosa‐Mur, P., Cissell, D.D. et al. (2019). F‐sodium fluoride positron emission tomography of the racing Thoroughbred fetlock: validation and comparison with other imaging modalities in nine horses. Equine Vet. J. 51: 375–383.
104 104 Denoix, J.M. and Coudry, V. (2020). Clinical insights: imaging of the equine fetlock in Thoroughbred racehorses: identification of imaging changes to predict catastrophic injury. Equine Vet. J. 52: 342–343.
105 105 Rizzone, K.H., Ackerman, K.E., Roos, K.G. et al. (2017). The epidemiology of stress fractures in collegiate student‐athletes, 2004‐2005 through 2013‐2014 academic years. J. Athl. Train. 52: 966–975.
106 106 Gasiorowski, J.C., Richardson, D.W., Boston, R.C., and Schear, T.P. (2011). Influence of a resilient, hard‐carbon thin film on drilling efficiency and thermogenesis. Vet. Surg. 40: 875–880.
107 107 Field, J.R., Hearn, T.C., and Arighi, M. (1993). Investigation of bioabsorbable screw usage for longbone fracture repair in the horse: biomechanical features. VCOT. 6: 42–46.
108 108 Durham, M.E., Sod, G.A., Riggs, L.M., and Mitchell, C.F. (2015). An in vitro biomechanical comparison of hydroxyapatite coated and uncoated AO cortical bone screws for a limited contact: dynamic compression plate fixation of osteotomized equine 3rd metacarpal bones. Vet. Surg. 44: 206–213.
109 109 de Preux, M., Klopfenstein Bregger, M.D., Brünisholz, H.P. et al. (2020). Clinical use of computer‐assisted orthopedic surgery in horses. Vet. Surg. 49: 1075–1087.
110 110 de Preux, M., Vidondo, B., and Koch, C. (2020). Influence of a purpose‐built frame on the accuracy of computer‐assisted orthopedic surgery of equine extremities. Vet. Surg. 49: 1367–1377.
111 111 Smith, K. (2019). Understanding why inaccuracies happen when drilling bone. Vet. Rec. 184: 380–382.
2 Bone Structure and Function
C.M. Riggs1 and A.E. Goodship2
1 The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
2 Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
Introduction
The skeleton is an extraordinary organ that has evolved to optimize its structure to functional demands. The strength and rigidity of its individual components, bones, maintain the body'’s form, provide a series of interconnected levers upon which forces generated by muscles can act to effect movement and locomotion and afford physical protection to vital internal organs. In addition, it serves as a reservoir for essential minerals, houses haematopoietic tissue, contributes to acid–base balance, serves as a fat repository, sequesters certain toxins (heavy metals) from the circulation and acts as an endocrine organ with released hormones having systemic effects. Furthermore, it is dynamic. Some of its component parts undergo structural adaptation in response to the variation in the loads they experience throughout life, while others, principally those evolved for primary protective functions such as the skull, maintain a similar architecture irrespective of changes in load. The architecture of bone from molecular composition to shape and size of whole bones is maintained by cellular mechanisms that effect modelling, remodelling and repair on an ongoing basis and have the capacity to form large segments of new tissue to fill defects created by injury.
This chapter focuses on the features of a bone that are essential to its mechanical functions.
Bone Architecture
The skeleton is comprised of a set of bones that together form the axial skeleton, including the skull, ossicles, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs and sacrum and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the limb bones.
The cells of individual bones express a genetic blueprint that governs their overall shape at an early stage of embryogenesis. For instance, the developing femur of an embryonic mouse transplanted in utero to the spleen still goes on to form a bone that with minimal