Schizophrenia. Orna Ophir

      1 1. We use the term “patient” as it connotes pati or suffering.

      2 2. Roy Porter, “The patient’s view: Doing medical history from below,” Theory and Society 14, 2 (1985): 175–98.

      3 3. Mark Ellerby, “Schizophrenia: Stigma and the impact of literature,” Schizophrenia Bulletin 44, 3 (2018): 466–7.

      4 4. Emil Kraepelin, Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia, trans. R. Mary Barclay; ed. George M. Robertson (New York: Krieger Publishing, 1971 [1919]), 242.

      5 5. Susan Weiner, “The details in schizophrenia,” Schizophrenia Bulletin 44, 4 (2018): 707–9.

      6 6. Ibid.

      7 7. Ibid.

      8 8. Ibid.

      9 9. See Tanya M. Luhrmann and Jocelyn Marrow (eds.) Our Most Troubling Madness: Case Studies in Schizophrenia Across Cultures (Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2016).

      10 10. See John Weir Perry, The Far Side of Madness (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1974).

      11 11. D. V. Jeste, R. Carman, J. B. Lohr, and R. J. Wyatt, “Did schizophrenia exist before the eighteenth century?,” Comprehensive Psychiatry, 26 (1985): 493–503, 502.

      12 12. Michel Foucault, Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason (New York: Random House, 1965), 254.

      13 13. Madalina Vârtejanu-Joubert, “Representations of madmen and madness in Jewish sources from the pre-exilic to the Roman-Byzantine period,” in G. Eghigian (ed.), The Routledge History of Madness and Mental Health (New York: Routledge, 2017), 38. See also Madalina Vârtejanu-Joubert, Folie et société dans l’Israël antique (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2004).

      14 14. Deuteronomy 28:28.

      15 15. Vârtejanu-Joubert, “Representations of madmen,” 20.

      16 16. Daniel 4:33.

      17 17. Mark 5:2–9.

      18 18. Mark 5:9.

      19 19. Mark 5:15.

      20 20. Samuel, 14:12.

      21 21. George Rosen, Madness in Society (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1968), 11.

      22 22. Karl Jaspers, “Der Prophet Ezechiel, Eine pathographische Studie,” in Arbeiten zur Psychiatrie, Neurologie und ihre Grenzgebieten: Festschrift für Kurt Schneider (Heidelberg: Verlag Scherer, 1947), 77–85. See also George Stein, “The voices that Ezekiel hears – Psychiatry in the Old Testament,” British Journal of Psychiatry 196, 2 (2010): 101.

      23 23. Samuel 14:10.

      24 24. Samuel 10:9.

      25 25. Daniel 4:16.

      26 26. Isaiah 28:21.

      27 27. Vârtejanu-Joubert, “Representations of madmen,” 29.

      28 28. Hagiga 3b, quoted in Vârtejanu-Joubert, “Representations of madmen,” 34.

      29 29. Vârtejanu-Joubert, “Representations of madmen,” 34.

      30 30. Caelius Aurelianus, On Acute Diseases and on Chronic Diseases, trans. I. E. Drabkin (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1950).

      31 31. Plato, Phaedrus, 265b2–6.

      32 32. Phaedrus, 244b6–7.

      33 33. Plato, Laws, XI, 934c7, trans. T. L. Pangle (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 337.

      34 34. Chiara Thumiger, “Ancient Greek and Roman traditions,” in The Routledge History of Madness and Mental Health, 42–61.

      35 35. Hysteria in Virgins, quoted in Mary R. Lefkowitz and Maureen B. Fant (eds.), Women’s Life in Greece and Rome: A Source Book in Translation, 3rd edn (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), 243.

      36 36. Ibid.

      37 37. Ibid., 242.

      38 38. Hippocrates, The Sacred Disease, Loeb Classical Library, Vol II, trans. W. H. S. Jones, P. Potter, W. D. Smith and E. T. Withington (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1923).

      39 39. Ibid., 175

      40 40. Thumiger, “Ancient Greek and Roman traditions,” 48.

      41 41. Ibid.

      42 42. The Sacred Disease, 177.

      43 43. Ibid.

      44 44. Ibid.

      45 45. Celsus, De Medicina, III, 18. See Celsus, On Medicine, Vol. III: Books 7–8, trans. W. G. Spencer. Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1938), 336.

      46 46. Thumiger, “Ancient Greek and Roman traditions,” 51.

      47 47. Ibid., 52.

      48 48. Galen, On the Passions and Errors of the Soul, trans. P. Harkins (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1963).

      49 49. Ibid., 43.

      50 50. Ibid., 46–7.

      51 51. Ibid., 46. In Plato’s metaphor of the tripartite soul, the charioteer drives a pair of winged horses, one of which is noble and good (the spirited part) while the other is the opposite (the appetitive part).

      52 52. Although the origin of the six non-naturals can be traced back to Galen’s “Ars medica,” he does not use the term “non-naturals.” It was in the Islamic world, which received Greek medicine through translation, that the number and the contents of these factors was established as theory.

      53 53. Galen, The Capacities of the Soul Depend on the Mixtures of the Body, in Thumiger, “Ancient Greek and Roman traditions,” 54. See Peter Singer, Galen, Psychological Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).

      54 54. Margery Kempe, The Book of Margery Kempe, trans. John Skinner (New York: Image Books/Doubleday, 1998).

      55 55. Claire Trenery and Peregrine Horden, “Madness in the Middle Ages,” in The Routledge History of Madness and Mental Health, 62–80.

      56 56. Avicenna, Canon medicinae (latine): a Gerardo Cremonensi translatus (Venice: Bonetus Locatellus, 1490), 257 in Trenery and Horden, “Madness in the Middle Ages,” 66.

      57 57. Ibid., 67.

      58 58. Ibid.

      59 59. Ibid.

      60 60. Penelope Doob, Nebuchadnezzar’s Children: Conventions of Madness in Middle English Literature (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974).

      61 61. Sylvia Huot, Madness in Medieval French Literature: Identities Found and Lost (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 10.

      62 62. Barbara Cassin, Emily Apter, Jacques Lezra and Michael Wood, Dictionary of Untranslatables: A Philosophical Lexicon (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014), 615.

      63 63. Sander Gilman, Seeing the Insane: A Visual and Cultural History of Our Attitudes Toward the Mentally Ill (Brattleboro, VT: Echo Point Books and Media, 2014), xi.

      64 64. Cassin, Dictionary of Untranslatables, 617.

      65 65. The Book of Margery Kempe, trans. John Skinner (New York: Image Books/Doubleday, 1998).

      66 66. Ibid., 276.

      67 67. Ibid., 70.

      68 68. Ibid., 248.

      69 69. Trenery and Horden, “Madness in the Middle Ages,” 74.

      70 70. Ibid. See also Peregrine Horden, “Responses to possession and insanity in the earlier Byzantine world,” Social History of Medicine 6 (1993): 177–94.

      71 71. Michael W. Dols, Majnūn: The Madman in Medieval Islamic Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), 475.

      72 72. Hannah Allen, “A narrative of God’s gracious dealings with that choice Christian,” 1683, in Voices of Madness: