Interventional Cardiology. Группа авторов
Yasue H, Takizawa A, Nagao M, et al. Long‐term prognosis for patients with variant angina and influential factors. Circulation 1988; 78:1–9.
33 33 Brilakis ES, Patel VG, Banerjee S. Medical management after coronary stent implantation: a review. JAMA 2013; 310:189–98.
34 34 Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, et al. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST‐segment elevation. N Engl J Med.2001; 345:494–502.
35 35 Mehta SR, Bassand JP, Chrolavicius S, et al. Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363:930–42.
36 36 Breet NJ, van Werkum JW, Bouman HJ, et al. Comparison of platelet function tests in predicting clinical outcome in patients undergoing coronary stent implantation. JAMA 2010; 303:754–62.
37 37 Claassens DMF, Vos GJA, Bergmeijer TO, et al. A Genotype‐Guided Strategy for Oral P2Y12 Inhibitors in Primary PCI. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381:1621–31.
38 38 Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Intensive oral antiplatelet therapy for reduction of ischaemic events including stent thrombosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes treated with percutaneous coronary intervention and stenting in the TRITON‐TIMI 38 trial: a subanalysis of a randomised trial. The Lancet (London, England) 2008; 371:1353–63.
39 39 Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. New Engl J Med. 2007; 357:2001–15.
40 40 Montalescot G, Bolognese L, Dudek D, et al. Pretreatment with prasugrel in non‐ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. New Engl J Med. 2013; 369:999–1010.
41 41 Roe MT, Armstrong PW, Fox KA, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel for acute coronary syndromes without revascularization. New Engl J Med. 2012; 367:1297–309.
42 42 Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361:1045–57.
43 43 Mahaffey KW, Wojdyla DM, Carroll K, et al. Ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel by geographic region in the Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial. Circulation 2011; 124:544–54.
44 44 Schupke S, Neumann FJ, Menichelli M, et al. Ticagrelor or Prasugrel in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381:1524–34.
45 45 Costa F, van Klaveren D, James S, et al. Derivation and validation of the predicting bleeding complications in patients undergoing stent implantation and subsequent dual antiplatelet therapy (PRECISE‐DAPT) score: a pooled analysis of individual‐patient datasets from clinical trials. The Lancet 2017; 389:1025–34.
46 46 Valgimigli M, Bueno H, Byrne RA, et al. 2017 ESC focused update on dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease developed in collaboration with EACTS: The Task Force for dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for Cardio‐Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2018; 39:213–60.
47 47 Levine GN, Bates ER, Bittl JA, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA Guideline Focused Update on Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 68:1082–115.
48 48 Watanabe H, Domei T, Morimoto T, et al. Effect of 1‐Month Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Followed by Clopidogrel vs 12‐Month Dual Antiplatelet Therapy on Cardiovascular and Bleeding Events in Patients Receiving PCI: The STOPDAPT‐2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2019; 321:2414–27.
49 49 Hahn JY, Song YB, Oh JH, et al. Effect of P2Y12 Inhibitor Monotherapy vs Dual Antiplatelet Therapy on Cardiovascular Events in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: The SMART‐CHOICE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2019; 321:2428–37.
50 50 Tomaniak M, Chichareon P, Onuma Y, et al. Benefit and Risks of Aspirin in Addition to Ticagrelor in Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Post Hoc Analysis of the Randomized GLOBAL LEADERS Trial. JAMA cardiology 2019.
51 51 Mehran R, Baber U, Sharma SK, et al. Ticagrelor with or without Aspirin in High‐Risk Patients after PCI. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381:2032–42.
52 52 Urban P, Mehran R, Colleran R, et al. Defining high bleeding risk in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a consensus document from the Academic Research Consortium for High Bleeding Risk. Eur Heart J. 2019; 40:2632–53.
53 53 Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Hamm CW, et al. Effect of cangrelor on periprocedural outcomes in percutaneous coronary interventions: a pooled analysis of patient‐level data. The Lancet (London, England) 2013; 382:1981–92.
54 54 Harrington RA, Stone GW, McNulty S, et al. Platelet inhibition with cangrelor in patients undergoing PCI. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361:2318–29.
55 55 Boersma E, Harrington RA, Moliterno DJ, et al. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: a meta‐analysis of all major randomised clinical trials. The Lancet (London, England) 2002; 359:189–98.
56 56 Ferguson JJ, Califf RM, Antman EM, et al. Enoxaparin vs unfractionated heparin in high‐risk patients with non‐ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndromes managed with an intended early invasive strategy: primary results of the SYNERGY randomized trial. JAMA 2004; 292:45–54.
57 57 Silvain J, Beygui F, Barthelemy O, et al. Efficacy and safety of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin during percutaneous coronary intervention: systematic review and meta‐analysis. BMJ (Clinical researched) 2012; 344:e553.
58 58 Steg PG, Jolly SS, Mehta SR, et al. Low‐dose vs standard‐dose unfractionated heparin for percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndromes treated with fondaparinux: the FUTURA/OASIS‐8 randomized trial. JAMA 2010; 304:1339–49.
59 59 Stone GW, White HD, Ohman EM, et al. Bivalirudin in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a subgroup analysis from the Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage strategy (ACUITY) trial. The Lancet (London, England) 2007; 369:907–19.
60 60 Stone GW, McLaurin BT, Cox DA, et al. Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355:2203–16.
61 61 Erlinge D, Omerovic E, Frobert O, et al. Bivalirudin versus Heparin Monotherapy in Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377:1132–42.
62 62 Valgimigli M, Frigoli E, Leonardi S, et al. Bivalirudin or Unfractionated Heparin in Acute Coronary Syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373:997–1009.
CHAPTER 13
Primary and Rescue PCI in STEMI
Sean Fitzgerald and Holger Thiele
Introduction
The most effective treatment strategy for acute ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been shown to be primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), when performed in a timely manner in an expert center. It should be performed making use of the latest evidence‐base guided choice of device and pharmacological adjuncts, which have resulted in improvement in both early and long‐term outcomes. Where timely primary PCI is not possible, a strategy of fibrinolysis with subsequent transfer to a PCI‐capable center should be considered. This chapter considers the framework for organization of primary PCI networks, technical aspects of STEMI treatment including access and device selection, recent developments in STEMI including the approach to the patient with multivessel coronary artery disease with and without cardiogenic shock, optimal adjunctive pharmacological therapy, and the approach to fibrinolysis and rescue PCI.
Timing of intervention in STEMI
The evidence to date is overwhelming in favor of immediate reperfusion as the most effective strategy