Interventional Cardiology. Группа авторов
after sirolimus‐eluting stent implantation. Eur Heart J 2006; 27:1305–1310.
41 41 Doi H, Maehara A, Mintz GS, et al. Impact of post‐intervention minimal stent area on 9‐month follow‐up patency of paclitaxel‐eluting stents: an integrated intravascular ultrasound analysis from the TAXUS IV, V, and VI and TAXUS ATLAS Workhorse, Long Lesion, and Direct Stent Trials. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 2009; 2:1269–1275.] ou colocar apenas CONSENSUS PART1.
42 42 Choi S‐Y, Witzenbichler B, Maehara A, et al. Intravascular ultrasound findings of early stent thrombosis after primary percutaneous intervention in acute myocardial infarction: a Harmonizing Outcomes with Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction (HORIZONS‐AMI) substudy. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 4:239–247.
43 43 Kang S‐J, Ahn J‐M, Song H, et al. Comprehensive intravascular ultrasound assessment of stent area and its impact on restenosis and adverse cardiac events in 403 patients with unprotected left main disease. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 4:562–569.
44 44 Sonoda S, Morino Y, Ako J, et al. Impact of final stent dimensions on long‐term results following sirolimus‐eluting stent implantation: serial intravascular ultrasound analysis from the Sirius Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43:1959–1963.
45 45 Song H‐G, Kang S‐J, Ahn J‐M, et al. Intravascular ultrasound assessment of optimal stent area to prevent in‐stent restenosis after zotarolimus‐, everolimus‐, and sirolimus‐eluting stent implantation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2014; 83:873–878.]
46 46 Mintz GS. Intravascular ultrasound guidance improves patient survival (mortality) after drug‐eluting stent implantation: review and updated bibliography Gary S. Mintz. Cardiovasc Interv Ther. 2020 Jan; 35(1):37–43.
47 47 Ahn JM, Kang SJ, Yoon SH, et al. Meta‐analysis of outcomes after intravascular ultrasound‐guided versus angiography‐guided drug‐eluting stent implantation in 26,503 patients enrolled in three randomized trials and 14 observational studies. Am J Cardiol 2014; 113(8): 1338–1347. PubMed PMID: 24685326.
48 48 Malik AH, Yandrapalli S, Aronow WS, et al. Intravascular ultrasound‐guided stent implantation reduces cardiovascular mortality ‐ Updated meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Cardiol. 2020 Jan 15; 299:100–105. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.07.033. Epub 2019 Jul 10. PMID: 31345647.
49 49 Shlofmitz E, Ali ZA, Maehara A, et al. Intravascular Imaging‐Guided Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Universal Approach for Optimization of Stent Implantation. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2020 Dec; 13(12):e008686. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.120.008686. Epub 2020 Nov 25. PMID: 33233934.
50 50 Park SJ, Kim YH, Park DW, et al. MAIN‐COMPARE Investigators. Impact of intravascular ultrasound guidance on long‐term mortality in stenting for unprotected left main coronary artery stenosis. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2009 Jun; 2(3):167–77. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.108.799494. Epub 2009 Apr 21. PMID: 20031713.
51 51 de la Torre Hernandez JM, Baz Alonso JA, Gómez Hospital JA, et al. IVUS‐TRONCO‐ICP Spanish study. Clinical impact of intravascular ultrasound guidance in drug‐eluting stent implantation for unprotected left main coronary disease: pooled analysis at the patient‐level of 4 registries. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014 Mar; 7(3):244–54. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2013.09.014. PMID: 24650399.
52 52 Gao XF, Kan J, Zhang YJ, et al. Comparison of one‐year clinical outcomes between intravascular ultrasound‐guided versus angiography‐guided implantation of drug‐eluting stents for left main lesions: a single‐center analysis of a 1,016‐patient cohort. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2014; 8:1299–309.]
53 53 Andell P, Karlsson S, Mohammad MA, et al. Intravascular Ultrasound Guidance Is Associated With Better Outcome in Patients Undergoing Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Stenting Compared With Angiography Guidance Alone. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2017; 10:e004813.
54 54 Choi KH, Song YB, Lee JM, et al. Impact of Intravascular Ultrasound‐Guided Percutaneous Coronary Intervention on Long‐Term Clinical Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Complex Procedures. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2019; 12:607–20.
55 55 Kinnaird T, Johnson T, Anderson R, et al. Intravascular Imaging and 12‐Month Mortality After Unprotected Left Main Stem PCI: An Analysis From the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society Database. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2020; 13:346–57.
56 56 Mariani J Jr, Guedes C, Soares P, et al. Intravascular ultrasound guidance to minimize the use of iodine contrast in percutaneous coronary intervention: the MOZART (Minimizing cOntrast utiliZation With IVUS Guidance in coRonary angioplasTy) randomized controlled trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014 Nov; 7(11):1287–93. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2014.05.024. Epub 2014 Oct 15. PMID: 25326742; PMCID: PMC4637944.
57 57 Ali ZA, Karimi Galougahi K, Nazif T, et al. Imaging‐ and physiology‐guided percutaneous coronary intervention without contrast administration in advanced renal failure: a feasibility, safety, and outcome study. Eur Heart J. 2016; 37:3090–3095. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw078 31.
58 58 Karimi Galougahi K, Zalewski A, Leon MB, et al. Optical coherence tomography‐guided percutaneous coronary intervention in preterminal chronic kidney disease with no radio‐contrast administration. Eur Heart J. 2016; 37:1059. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv667.
CHAPTER 9
Optical Coherence Tomography, Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy, and Near‐Infrared Fluorescence Molecular Imaging
Alessio Mattesini, Pierluigi Demola, Richard Shlofmitz, Evan Shlofmitz, Ron Waksman, Farouc Amin Jaffer, and Carlo Di Mario
Optical coherence tomography
Intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT), originally described in the early 1990s by David Huang, was firstly applied in the field of ophthalmology [1] and named OCT by James Fujimoto. In 1996, the Massachussets General Cardiology group [2] applied a catheter‐based modification of this technology to image coronary arteries. Subsequent advances in OCT technology enabled faster image acquisition rates, sufficient for its in vivo application in humans.
OCT is a high‐resolution imaging technology that employs advanced fiber optics to create images with a bandwidth in the near‐infrared spectrum with wavelengths ranging from 1250 to 1350 nm. The light that illuminates the vessel is absorbed, backscattered or reflected, by tissue structures at different degrees. Like for intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images are formed by measuring magnitude and time delay of the reflected backscattered light signal [3]. The speed of light (3×108 m/s), however, is several orders of magnitude faster than the speed of sound (1.5×103 m/s). Compared with IVUS, OCT offers a 10 times higher image resolution, with an axial resolution of 10–20 μm. The price to pay for this high resolution is a reduced penetration depth into tissue and the need to create a transient blood‐free field of view during imaging acquisition. The tissue penetration is limited to 1–3 mm compared to 4–8 mm achieved by IVUS [4]. Early versions of the technology used time domain (TD) detection, while the second‐generation systems using Fourier domain (FD) significantly improved the signal‐to‐noise ratio and allowed high speed pullbacks with faster acquisition [5]. All commercially available systems (Ilumien OptisTM Abbott/LightLab Imaging Inc., USA, Fastview Lunawave® Terumo, Japan) now employ frequency‐domain OCT, which enables rapid imaging of long segments during short injections for blood clearance maintaining good longitudinal resolution.
FD, Fourier domain; IVUS, intravenous ultrasound; OCT, optical coherence tomography; OFDI, optical frequency domain imaging.
The optical probe is integrated into a short monorail catheter that can be advanced in the coronary artery over any conventional 0.014‐inch guide wire. The catheter profile varies from 2.4 to 3.2 Fr and is compatible with 5 Fr guiding catheters. Six Fr guiding catheters are preferable for a more efficient contrast flushing during aquisition. During imaging, the optical fiber probe is pulled along the catheter sheath with the length of pullback