Essential Concepts in MRI. Yang Xia

Essential Concepts in MRI

motions. (This experience of a fluctuating field is actually true for all environments, not just a nucleus in a liquid.) This fluctuating field may be resolved by Fourier analysis into a series of terms that are oscillating at different frequencies, which may be further divided into components parallel to B₀ and perpendicular to B₀. The component parallel to B₀ could influence the steadiness of the static field B₀, while the components perpendicular to the static field at the Larmor frequency could induce transitions between the levels in a similar way to B₁. These influences give rise to a non-adiabatic (or non-secular) contribution to relaxation of both the longitudinal and transverse components of M.

If the fluctuating field manages to alter the populations of the states, the populations would evolve immediately until they reach the values predicted by the Boltzmann equations for the temperature of the Brownian motion (lattice temperature). This process is described by T₁ and results in the relaxation of the longitudinal component of M. The contribution of the fluctuating field to T₂ can be seen from the following argument. According to Eq. (3.9)–Eq. (3.11), the Zeeman energy levels are known precisely (Figure 3.1), which implies the resonance frequency associated with the transition between two neighboring Zeeman levels should have a unique value, that is, a delta function at a singular ω₀ (Figure 3.2a). In reality, however, the resonant peak even in simple liquids is broadened due to the fluctuation of the Zeeman levels (Figure 3.2b), caused by the distributions of local interactions in their environment experienced by the nuclear spins. The line width of the resonant peak (excluding the effect of inhomogeneity in B₀), which is inversely proportional to T₂, is a measure of the uncertainty in the energies between two neighboring Zeeman levels. This uncertainty can also be traced back to the fluctuating fields due to the magnetic moments of nuclei in other molecules as they undergo thermal motions.

Figure 3.2 (a) A precise value of the Zeeman energy difference between the two states in a spin-½ system should imply a single value in the transition, hence a delta function in the frequency distribution. (b) In reality, a wider line shape such as a Lorentzian or Gaussian suggests an uncertainty in the difference between the energy levels. For simple liquids, the line shape is a Lorentzian in the frequency domain, which corresponds to the exponential decay in the time-domain FID, shown in (c). A fast decay of the FID (e.g., short blue dash) implies a short T₂ and a wide line shape; a slow decay (e.g., red solid line) implies a long T₂ and a narrow line shape. A precise value of the energy difference as in (a) would imply a sinusoidal oscillation without any decay in the time domain (as shown in Figure 2.15d).

The Bloch equation [Eq. (2.18)] contains a phenomenological term leading to exponential relaxation. This classical description is quite accurate for spins in rapidly tumbling molecules but breaks down when the motions of molecules become slow or complex, such as in the case of internal motion in macromolecules. In the following sections, we first explain the relaxation mechanisms in terms of quantum transitions between eigenstates of operators Ix, Iy, and Iz; then, we briefly describe the results of the random field model of relaxation.

3.7.1 Relaxation Mechanism in Terms of Quantum Transitions

For spin-1/2 particles, the relaxation mechanism can be understood with a set of equations and analysis in terms of quantum transition [9, 10]. In this approach, the spin populations (the occupancies of the eigenstates of Iz with eigenvalues m=±1/2) are defined as

upper N Subscript plus Baseline equals upper N 0 less-than Math bar pipe bar symblom a Subscript plus Math bar pipe bar symblom squared greater-than (3.25a)

and upper N Subscript minus Baseline equals upper N 0 less-than Math bar pipe bar symblom a Subscript minus Baseline Math bar pipe bar symblom squared greater-than period (3.25b)

We also define the total population N₀ and the population difference n as

upper N 0 equals upper N Subscript plus Baseline plus upper N Subscript minus Baseline comma (3.26a)

n equals upper Delta upper N equals upper N Subscript plus Baseline en-dash upper N Subscript minus Baseline period (3.26b)

Hence, the macroscopic magnetization M is proportional to the population difference n. Using Eq. (3.21), the z component of the magnetization at time = 0 can be written as

upper M Subscript z Baseline equals one-half gamma italic h over two pi upper N 0 left-parenthesis less-than Math bar pipe bar symblom a Subscript plus Baseline Math bar pipe bar symblom squared greater-than minus less-than Math bar pipe bar symblom a Subscript minus Baseline Math bar pipe bar symblom squared greater-than right-parenthesis equals one-half gamma italic h over two pi n period (3.27)

Since the population is at equilibrium with the environment according to the Boltzmann distribution, the population ratio is

upper N Subscript plus Baseline slash upper N Subscript minus Baseline equals exp left-parenthesis StartFraction italic h over two pi gamma upper B 0 Over k Subscript upper B Baseline upper T EndFraction right-parenthesis period (3.28)

To consider the dynamics of the two populations, we define w+- as the probability of transition of a spin from |+> state to |–> state per spin per second, and w-+ as the probability of transition of a spin from |–> state to |+> state per spin per second. At equilibrium, we have

w Subscript plus Subscript minus Baseline upper N Subscript plus Baseline equals w Subscript minus Subscript plus Baseline upper N Subscript minus Baseline period (3.29)

Combining Eq. (3.28) and Eq. (3.29), we have

StartFraction w Subscript minus Subscript plus Baseline Over w Subscript plus Subscript minus Baseline EndFraction equals StartFraction upper N Subscript plus Baseline Over upper N Subscript minus Baseline EndFraction equals exp left-parenthesis StartFraction italic h over two pi gamma upper B 0 Over k Subscript upper B Baseline upper T EndFraction right-parenthesis period (3.30)

With this equation, the changes of the spins with time can be defined as

StartFraction d upper N Subscript plus Baseline Over d t EndFraction equals upper N Subscript minus Baseline w Subscript minus plus Baseline minus upper N Subscript plus Baseline w Subscript plus Subscript minus (3.31a)

and StartFraction d upper N Subscript minus Baseline Over d t EndFraction equals upper N Subscript plus Baseline w Subscript plus minus Baseline minus upper N Subscript minus Baseline w Subscript minus Subscript plus Baseline period (3.31b)

Each

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