Solid State Physics. Philip Hofmann

Solid State Physics

1.14 Left: two‐dimensional NiO crystal; Right: possible choices of th...Figure 1.15 A two‐dimensional crystal.Figure 1.16 (a) Two‐dimensional crystal structure of a hexagonal close‐packe...Figure 1.17 Two‐dimensional Bravais lattices.

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 (a) Typical interatomic potential

for bonding in solids accordi...Figure 2.2 (a) Formation of bonding and antibonding energy levels in the

i...Figure 2.3 Linear combination of orbitals on neighboring atoms. (a) Two s or...Figure 2.4 The energy changes

and

for the formation of a hydrogen molecu...Figure 2.5 One‐dimensional chain of ions.

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 (a) Illustration of stress

and strain

and

are the length...Figure 3.2 Typical stress of a solid as a function of applied strain.

and Figure 3.3 Young's modulus for different materials. The values are merely a ...Figure 3.4 Estimate of the yield stress for shearing a solid. (a) Atoms in e...Figure 3.5 An edge dislocation formed by an extra sheet of atoms in a crysta...Figure 3.6 (a) Shearing of a solid in the presence of an edge dislocation. T...Figure 3.7 Calculated local stress field for a crack along the (1,1,1) plane...Figure 3.8 Exposing a wire to tensile stress. The forces

act on the entire...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 (a) One‐dimensional chain with one atom per unit cell.

denotes ...Figure 4.2 Motion of the atoms in the chain for (a)

and (b)

.Figure 4.3 Instantaneous positions of atoms in a chain for two different wav...Figure 4.4 (a) One‐dimensional chain with two atoms per unit cell. (b) Allow...Figure 4.5 Motion of the atoms for

in the optical branch.

represents an ...Figure 4.6 Vibrational spectrum for a finite chain of atoms with a length of...Figure 4.7 (a) Energy level diagram for one harmonic oscillator. (b) Energy ...Figure 4.8 Phonon dispersion in aluminum and diamond. The dispersion is plot...Figure 4.9 Obtaining the interatomic force constant from Young's modulus for...Figure 4.10 Temperature‐dependent heat capacity of diamond. Data from Desnoy...Figure 4.11 Temperature‐dependent heat capacity according to the Einstein mo...Figure 4.12 (a) Points of integers

that represent the allowed vibrational ...Figure 4.13 Temperature‐dependent thermal conductivity of Si. Adapted from G...Figure 4.14 Classical picture for the thermal expansion of a solid. The inte...Figure 4.15 Gibbs free energy for two competing phases A and B. At the tempe...Figure 4.16 (a) Melting temperature as a function of cohesive energy for the...Figure 4.17 (a) Two‐dimensional square lattice with forces acting only betwe...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Measured and calculated electrical conductivities of metals as a ...Figure 5.2 (a) Illustration of the Hall effect. (b) Equilibrium between the ...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 The formation of energy bands in solids. (a) Bonding and antibond...Figure 6.2 Band formation in Si. The lower band is completely occupied with ...Figure 6.3 Electronic states in the free electron model. The increasing ener...Figure 6.4 (a) Density of states

for a free electron gas. (b) Fermi–Dirac ...Figure 6.5 Most of the electrons in a metal (roughly those in the dark gray ...Figure 6.6 Sketch of the electronic and lattice contributions to the heat ca...Figure 6.7 Screening of a positively charged impurity in a metal. (a) The oc...Figure 6.8 Potential due to a positive point charge in a metal compared to t...Figure 6.9 Electronic states in the nearly‐free electron model for a one‐dim...Figure 6.10 Qualitative explanation for the gap openings at the Brillouin zo...Figure 6.11 Bands for a one‐dimensional solid calculated within the tight‐bi...Figure 6.12 (a) Electronic energy bands in Al along the

–X direction. The i...Figure 6.13 Electronic energy bands for Si and GaAs. These materials have th...Figure 6.14 Illustration of the difference between metals and semiconductors...Figure 6.15 Origin of the electronic energy bands for graphene. (a) sp

hybr...Figure 6.16 Simple picture of conduction in a metal. The circles symbolize f...Figure 6.17 Temperature‐dependent heat capacities of two solids.Figure 6.18 Band structure and Brillouin zone of a material.

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Charge neutrality and the position of the chemical potential in a...Figure 7.2 Transport of charge in an electric field

for a partially filled...Figure 7.3 (a) Sketch of the valence band and conduction band in the vicinit...Figure 7.4 The measurement of cyclotron resonance. The electrons (or holes) ...Figure 7.5 Nonionized dopant atoms in a Si lattice: (a) donor (b) acceptor....Figure 7.6 Energy levels of dopant atoms. (a) The donor ground state is plac...Figure 7.7 Electron density and position of the chemical potential for an n‐...Figure 7.8 The pn junction. (a) Energy levels and carrier densities in separ...Figure 7.9 Idealized model of the depletion zone solved using the Poisson eq...Figure 7.10 Definition of the energies in the pn junction. The VBM on the n ...Figure 7.11 The pn junction as a diode (considering only the electrons, not ...Figure 7.12 Characteristic

curve for a pn junction operated as diode.Figure 7.13 Design and working principle of a MOSFET: (a) without applied vo...Figure 7.14 Generation of an inversion layer in the MOSFET. The positive gat...Figure 7.15 Optoelectronic devices. (a) A light‐emitting diode works because...Figure 7.16 Sketch of a silicon solar cell and the electrical

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