Crimes Act. Australia
at the identification parade.
(3) An identification parade must not be held unless the suspect has been informed that:
(a) he or she is entitled to refuse to take part in the parade; and
(b) if he or she refuses to take part in the parade:
(i) evidence of the refusal may be given in later proceedings relating to an offence, for the purpose of explaining why an identification parade was not held; and
(ii) evidence may be given in such proceedings of any identification of the suspect by a witness as a result of having seen a photograph or having seen the suspect otherwise than during an identification parade; and
(c) in addition to any requirement under section 3ZN, a legal representative or other person of the suspect’s choice may be present while the person is deciding whether to take part in the parade, and during the holding of the parade, if arrangements for that person to be present can be made within a reasonable time.
(4) The giving of the information referred to in subsection (3) must be recorded by a video recording or an audio recording.
(5) An identification parade must be arranged and conducted in a manner that will not unfairly prejudice the suspect.
(6) Without limiting the intent of subsection (5), an identification parade must be arranged and conducted in accordance with the following rules:
(a) the parade must consist of at least 9 persons;
(b) each of the persons who is not the suspect must:
(i) resemble the suspect in age, height and general appearance; and
(ii) not have features that will be visible during the parade that are markedly different from those of the suspect as described by the witness before viewing the parade;
(c) unless it is impracticable for another constable to arrange or conduct the parade, no constable who has taken part in the investigation relating to the offence may take part in the arrangements for, or the conduct of, the parade;
(d) no person in the parade is to be dressed in a way that would obviously distinguish him or her from the other participants;
(e) if it is practicable to do so, numbers should be placed next to each participant in order to allow the witness to make an identification by indicating the number of the person identified;
(f) the parade may take place so that the witness can view the parade without being seen if the witness requests that it take place in such a manner and:
(i) a legal representative or other person of the suspect’s choice is present with the witness; or
(ii) the parade is recorded by a video recording;
(g) nothing is to be done that suggests or is likely to suggest to a witness which member of the parade is the suspect;
(h) if the witness so requests, members of the parade may be required to speak, move or adopt a specified posture but, if this happens, the witness must be reminded that the members of the parade have been chosen on the basis of physical appearance only;
(i) the suspect may select where he or she wishes to stand in the parade;
(j) if more than one witness is to view the parade:
(i) each witness must view the parade alone; and
(ii) the witnesses are not to communicate with each other at a time after arrangements for the parade have commenced and before each of them has viewed the parade; and
(iii) the suspect may change places in the parade after each viewing;
(k) each witness must be told that:
(i) the suspect may not be in the parade; and
(ii) if he or she is unable to identify the suspect with reasonable certainty he or she must say so;
(l) the parade must be recorded by a video recording if it is practicable to do so and, if that is done, a copy of the video recording must be made available to the suspect or his or her legal representative as soon as it is practicable to do so;
(m) if the parade is not recorded by a video recording:
(i) the parade must be photographed in colour; and
(ii) a print of a photograph of the parade that is at least 250mm ґ 200mm in size must be made available to the suspect or his or her legal representative; and
(iii) the constable in charge of the parade must take all reasonable steps to record everything said and done at the parade and must make a copy of the record available to the suspect or his or her legal representative;
(n) the suspect may have present during the holding of the parade a legal representative or other person of his or her choice if arrangements for that person to be present can be made within a reasonable time.
(7) Nothing in this Act affects the determination of the following questions:
(a) whether or not evidence of a suspect having refused to take part in an identification parade is admissible;
(b) if evidence of such a refusal is admissable, what inferences (if any) may be drawn by a court or jury from the refusal;
(c) whether, after such a refusal, evidence of alternative methods of identification is admissible.
(8) If a witness is, under the supervision of a constable, to attempt to identify a suspect otherwise than during an identification parade, the constable must ensure that the attempted identification is done in a manner that is fair to the suspect.
3ZN Identification parades for suspects under 18 etc.
(1) An identification parade must not be held for a suspect who is under 10.
(2) An identification parade must not be held for a suspect who is incapable of managing his or her affairs unless a magistrate orders that it be held.
(3) An identification parade must not be held for a suspect who:
(a) is at least 10 but under 18; and
(b) is capable of managing his or her affairs;
unless one of the following paragraphs applies:
(c) the suspect agrees to or requests in writing the holding of the parade and a parent or guardian of the suspect agrees in writing to the holding of the parade or, if the parent or guardian is not acceptable to the suspect, another person (other than a constable) who is capable of representing the interests of the suspect and who, as far as is practicable in the circumstances, is acceptable to the suspect agrees in writing to the holding of the parade;
(d) if:
(i) one of those persons agrees in writing to the holding of the parade but the other does not; and
(ii) a magistrate orders that the parade be held.
(4) In deciding whether to make such an order, the magistrate must have regard to:
(a) the seriousness of the offence; and
(b) the age or any disability of the person; and
(c) such other matters as the magistrate thinks fit.
(5) An identification parade for a suspect who is under 18 or is incapable of managing his or her affairs must be held in the presence of:
(a) a parent or guardian of the suspect; or
(b) if the parent or guardian is not acceptable to the suspect, another person (other than a constable) who is capable of representing the interests of the suspect and who, as far as is practicable in the circumstances, is acceptable to the suspect.
3ZO Identification by means of photographs
(1) If a suspect is in custody in respect of an offence or is otherwise available to take part in an identification parade, a constable investigating the offence must not show photographs,