if they arrived at freedom, obtained only the assimilation to the dediticii. If, on the contrary, the slave had undergone no punishment, if he was more than thirty years of age, if, at the same time, he belonged to his master according to the law of the quirites, and if the formalities of manumission or affranchisement exacted by the Roman law had been observed, he was a Roman citizen. He was only Latin if one of these circumstances failed. (Institutes of Gaius, I. § 12, 13, 15, 16, 17.)
175
“Valerius sent upon the lands conquered from the Volsci a colony of a certain number of citizens chosen from among the poor, both to serve as a garrison against the enemies, and to diminish at Rome the party of the seditious.” (Year of Rome 260.) (Dionysius of Halicarnassus, VI. 43.) – This great number of colonies, by clearing the population of Rome of a multitude of indigent citizens, had maintained tranquillity (452). (Titus Livius, X. 6.)
176
Modern authors are not agreed on this point, which would require a long discussion; but we may consider the question as solved in the sense of our text by Madvig, Opuscula, I. pp. 244-254.
177
“There the people (populus) named their magistrates; the duumviri performed the functions of consuls or prætors, whose title they sometimes took (Corpus Inscriptionum Latin., passim); the quinquennales corresponded to the censors. Finally, there were questors and ediles. The Senate, as at Rome, was composed of members, elected for life, to the number of a hundred; the number was filled up every five years (lectio senatus).” (Tabula Heracleensis, cap. x. et seq.)
178
A certain number of colonies figure in the list given by Dionysius of Halicarnassus of the members of the confederacy (V. 61).
179
Pliny, Natural History, III. iv. § 7.
180
Because it named its magistrates, struck money (Mommsen, Münzwesen, p. 317), privileges refused to the Roman colonies, and preserved its own peculiar laws according to the principle: “Nulla populi Romani lege adstricti, nisi in quam populus eorum fundus factus est.” (Aulus Gellius, XVI. xiii. 6. – Compare Cicero, Oration for Balbus, viii. 21.)
181
Cicero, Oration on the Agrarian Law, ii. 27.
182
Titus Livius, XXVII. 9.
183
Florus, I. 16.
184
Titus Livius, VIII. 13, 14.
185
Titus Livius, VIII. 14. These towns had the right of city without suffrage; of this number were Capua (in consideration of its knights, who had refused to take part in the revolt), Cumæ, Fundi, and Formiæ.
186
Velleius Paterculus, I. 15.
187
Titus Livius, VIII. 14.
188
Titus Livius, VIII. 14, et seq.– Valerius Maximus, VI. ii. 1.
189
Florus, I. 16.
190
Titus Livius, VIII. 26; XXI. 49; XXII. 11.
191
“Eam solam gentem restare.” (Titus Livius, VIII. 27.)
192
Cicero, de Officiis, iii. 30.
193
Titus Livius, IX. 24, 28.
194
Diodorus Siculus, XX. 36. – Titus Livius, IX. 29.
195
Diodorus Siculus, XIX. 101.
196
Titus Livius, IX. 31.
197
Diodorus Siculus, XX. 35.
198
Now Lago di Vadimone or Bagnaccio, situated on the right bank and three miles from the Tiber, between that river and the Lake Ciminius, about the latitude of Narni.
199
Titus Livius, IX. 43. – Cicero, Oration for Balbus, 13. – Festus, under the word Præfecturæ, p. 233.
200
Titus Livius, IX. 45. – Diodorus Siculus, XX. 101.
201
Titus Livius, IX. 45; X. 3, 10.
202
Appian, Samnite Wars, § vii., p. 56, edit. Schweighæuser.
203
Diodorus Siculus, XIX. 10.
204
Titus Livius, X. 11, et seq.
205
Titus Livius, X. 22, et seq.– Polybius, II. 19. – Florus, I. 17.
206
Volsiniæ, Perusia, and Arretium. (Titus Livius, X. 37.)
207
Orosius, III. 22. – Zonaras, VII. 2. – Eutropius, II. 9.
208
Velleius Paterculus, I. 14. – Festus, under the word Præfecturæ, p. 233.
209
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Excerpta, p. 2335, edit. Schweighæuser.
210
Polybius, II. 19, 24.
211
Titus Livius, Epitome, XII., XIII., XIV. – Plutarch, Pyrrhus, et seq.– Florus, I. 18. – Eutropius, II. 11, et seq.– Zonaras, VIII. 2.
212
Valerius Maximus, III. vii. 10.
213
Appian (Samnite Wars, X. iii., p. 65) says that Pyrrhus advanced as far as Anagnia.
214
Cicero, Oration for Balbus, xxii.
215
Titus Livius, Epitome, XIV. – Orosius, IV. 3.
216
Florus, I. 20.
217
Titus Livius, Epitome, XV. —Fasti Capitolini, an. 487.
218
Roman Colonies. – Third period: 416-488.
Antium (416). A maritime colony (Volsci). Torre d’Anzo or Porto d’Anzo.
Terracina (425). A maritime colony (Aurunci). (Via Appia.) Terracina.
Minturnæ (459). A maritime colony (Aurunci). (Via Appia.) Ruins near Trajetta.
Sinuessa (459). A maritime colony (Campania). (Via Appia.) Near Rocca di Mondragone.
Sena Gallica (465). A maritime colony (Umbria, in agro Gallico). (Via Valeria.) Sinigaglia.
Castrum Novum (465). A maritime colony (Picenum). (Via Valeria.) Giulia Nuova.
Latin Colonies.
Cales (420). Campania. (Via Appia.) Calvi.
Fregellæ (426). Volsci. In the valley of the Liris. Ceprano(?). Destroyed in 629.
