Долой среднее! Новый манифест индивидуальности. Тодд Роуз
W. Kennedy, International anthropometric variability and its effects on aircraft cockpit design. No. AMRL-TR-72-45. (Медицинская исследовательская лаборатория ВВС, Wright-Patterson AFB OH, 1976.); пример использования стандартов дизайна см. у Douglas Aircraft Company, El Segundo, California, Service Information Summary, Sept. – Oct., 1959.
25
E. C. Gifford, Compilation of Anthropometric Measures of US Navy Pilots, NAMC-ACEL–437 (Philadelphia: U.S. Department of the Navy, Air Crew Equipment Laboratory, 1960).
26
L. Todd Rose et al., “The Science of the Individual,” Mind, Brain, and Education 7, no. 3 (2013): 152–158. See also James T. Lamiell, Beyond Individual and Group Differences: Human Individuality, Scientific Psychology, and William Stern’s Critical Personalism (Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2003).
27
“Miasma Theory,” Wikipedia, June 27, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miasma_theory.
28
“Infectious Disease Timeline: Louis Pasteur and the Germ Theory of Disease,” ABPI, http://www.abpischools.org.uk/topic/infectiousdiseases-timeline/4/0.
29
Michael B. Miller et al., “Extensive Individual Differences in Brain Activations Associated with Episodic Retrieval Are Reliable Over Time,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14, no. 8 (2002): 1200–1214.
30
K. J. Friston et al., “How Many Subjects Constitute a Study?” Neuroimage 10 (1999): 1–5.
31
Michael Miller, interviewed by Todd Rose, September 23, 2014.
32
Miller, interview.
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L. Cahill et al., “Amygdala Activity at Encoding Correlated with Long-Term, Free Recall of Emotional Information,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 93 (1996): 8016–8021; I. Klein et al., “Transient Activity in the Human Calcarine Cortex During Visual-Mental Imagery: An Event-Related fMRI Study,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12 (2000): 15–23; S. M. Kosslyn et al., “Individual Differences in Cerebral Blood Flow in Area 17 Predict the Time to Evaluate Visualized Letters,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 8 (1996): 78–82; D. McGonigle et al., “Variability in fMRI: An Examination of Intersession Differences,” Neuroimage 11 (2000): 708–734; S. Mueller et al., “Individual Variability in Functional Connectivity Architecture of the Human Brain,” Neuron 77, no. 3 (2013): 586–595; L. Nyberg et al., “PET Studies of Encoding and Retrieval: The HERA model,” Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 3 (1996): 135–148; C. A. Seger et al., “Hemispheric Asymmetries and Individual Differences in Visual Concept Learning as Measured by Functional MRI,” Neuropsychologia 38 (2000): 1316–1324; J. D. Watson et al., “Area V5 of the Human Brain: Evidence from a Combined Study Using Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging,” Cerebral Cortex 3 (1993): 79–94. Следует учесть, что индивидуальность прослеживается даже в гемодинамической реакции. См. G. K. Aguirre et al., “The Variability of Human, BOLD Hemodynamic Responses,” Neuroimage 8 (1998): 360–369.
34
Miller, interview, 2014.
35
Miller, interview, 2014.
36
Полное имя ученого Ламберт Адольф Жак Кетле. Сведения о биографии и взглядах см. в работах Alain Desrosiéres, The Politics of Large Numbers: A History of Statistical Reasoning (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998), chap. 3; K. P. Donnelly, Adolphe Quetelet, Social Physics and the Average Men of Science, 1796–1874 (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2015); Gerd Gigerenzer et al., The Empire of Chance: How Probability Changed Science and Everyday Life (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Ian Hacking, The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas about Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975); Ian Hacking, The Taming of Chance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); T. M. Porter, The Rise of Statistical Thinking, 1820–1900 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Stephen M. Stigler, The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986); Stephen M. Stigler, Statistics on the Table: The History of Statistical Concepts and Methods (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002).
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Stigler, History of Statistics, 162.
38
Porter, Rise of Statistical Thinking, 47.
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Porter, Rise of Statistical Thinking, 47–48.
40
T. M. Porter, “The Mathematics of Society: Variation and Error in Quetelet’s Statistics,” British Journal for the History of Science 18, no. 1 (1985): 51–69, citing Quetelet, “Memoire sur les lois des naissances et de la mortalite a Bruxelles,” NMB 3 (1826): 493–512.
41
Porter, Rise of Statistical Thinking, 104.
42
I. Hacking, “Biopower and the Avalanche of Printed Numbers,” Humanities in Society 5 (1982): 279–295.
43
C. Camic and Y. Xie, “The Statistical Turn in American Social Science: Columbia University, 1890 to 1915,” American Sociological Review 59, no. 5 (1994): 773–805; and I. Hacking, “Nineteenth Century Cracks in the Concept of Determinism,” Journal of the History of Ideas 44, no. 3 (1983): 455–475.
44
Porter, Rise of Statistical Thinking, 95.