The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States. Asa Gray
sessile stigma, persistent and at length recurved. Fruit ovoid, naked, usually ripening above water. Aril none.—Rootstock creeping, cylindrical. Leaves with a deep sinus at the base. Flowers yellow or sometimes tinged with purple, produced all summer. (Name said to be of Arabic origin.)
1. N. ádvena, Ait. f. Sepals 6, unequal; petals shorter than the stamens and resembling them, thick and fleshy, truncate; stigma nearly entire, 12–24-rayed, pale red; ovary and fruit (1½´ long) ovate, not contracted above into a narrow neck; thin submersed leaves seldom present; floating or emersed and erect leaves thick (6–12´ long), from roundish to ovate or almost oblong, the sinus open, or closed or narrow.—Very common, in still or stagnant water; stout and coarse; flower often partly purplish (var. variegàtum, Engelm.).
Var. mìnus, Morong. More slender; leaves somewhat smaller (3–8´ long); flowers usually smaller (sepals 12–15´´ long); petals spatulate; stigmas 9–13-rayed, crenately toothed, bright red or crimson; fruit 1´ long, contracted above. (N. rubrodiscum, Morong. N. luteum, Man.; not Smith.)—N. Vt. to Mich. and Penn. Probably a hybrid between this and the next species.
2. N. Kalmiànum, Ait. Very slender and with slender rootstock; submersed leaves thin, round-reniform, the floating broadly elliptical with a deep narrow sinus, 2–4´ long; sepals usually 5, the flowers an inch broad or less; petals spatulate or obovate; stigmas 7–10-rayed, dark red; fruit globular with a short neck (6–9´´ in diameter). (N. luteum, var. pumilum, Man.)—Maine to Penn. and Minn., and northward.
3. N. sagittifòlium, Pursh. Rootstock stout; leaves narrowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate with a short sinus, 6–15´ long; flowers small (1´ broad).—S. Ind. and Ill. (Schneck), and southward.
Order 7. SARRACENIÀCEÆ. (Pitcher-Plants.)
Polyandrous and hypogynous bog-plants, with hollow pitcher-form or trumpet-shaped leaves,—comprising one plant in the mountains of Guiana, another (Darlingtonia, Torr.) in California, and the following genus in the Atlantic United States.
1. SARRACÈNIA, Tourn. Side-saddle Flower.
Sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, oblong or obovate, incurved, deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary compound, 5-celled, globose, crowned with a short style, which is expanded at the summit into a very broad and petal-like, 5-angled, 5-rayed, umbrella-shaped body, the 5 delicate rays terminating under the angles in as many little hooked stigmas. Capsule with a granular surface, 5-celled, with many-seeded placentæ in the axis, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo at the base of fleshy albumen.—Perennials, yellowish-green and purplish; the hollow leaves all radical, with a wing on one side, and a rounded arching hood at the apex. Scape naked, 1-flowered; flower nodding. (Named by Tournefort in honor of Dr. Sarrasin of Quebec, who first sent our Northern species, and a botanical account of it, to Europe.)
1. S. purpùrea, L. (Side-saddle Flower. Pitcher-Plant. Huntsman's Cup.) Leaves pitcher-shaped, ascending, curved, broadly winged; the hood erect, open, round heart-shaped; flower deep purple; the fiddle-shaped petals arched over the greenish-yellow style.—Varies rarely with greenish-yellow flowers, and without purple veins in the foliage.—Peat-bogs; common from N. Eng. to Minn., N. E. Iowa, and southward east of the Alleghanies. June.—The curious leaves are usually half filled with water and drowned insects. The inner face of the hood is clothed with stiff bristles pointing downward. Flower globose, nodding on a scape a foot high; it is difficult to fancy any resemblance between its shape and a side-saddle, but it is not very unlike a pillion.
2. S. flàva, L. (Trumpets.) Leaves long (1–3°) and trumpet-shaped, erect, with an open mouth, the erect hood rounded, narrow at the base; wing almost none; flower yellow, the petals becoming long and drooping.—Bogs, Va. and southward. April.
Order 8. PAPAVERÀCEÆ. (Poppy Family.)
Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular flowers with the parts in twos or fours, fugacious sepals, polyandrous, hypogynous, the ovary 1-celled with two or more parietal placentæ.—Sepals 2, rarely 3, falling when the flower expands. Petals 4–12, spreading, imbricated and often crumpled in the bud, early deciduous. Stamens rarely as few as 16, distinct. Fruit a dry 1-celled pod (in the Poppy imperfectly many-celled, in Glaucium 2-celled). Seeds numerous, anatropous, often crested, with a minute embryo at the base of fleshy and oily albumen.—Leaves alternate, without stipules. Peduncles mostly 1-flowered. Juice narcotic or acrid.
[*] Petals 8–12, not crumpled in the bud, white. Pod 1-celled, 2-valved.
1. Sanguinaria. Petals white. Leaves and 1-flowered scape from a short rootstock.
[*][*] Petals 4, crumpled in the bud. Pod 2-valved or more.
[+] Pod 2–4-valved, the valves separating to the base from the placentas. Leaves pinnately parted. Flowers yellow.
2. Stylophorum. Pod bristly; style distinct; stigmas and placentas 3–4.
3. Chelidonium. Pod linear, smooth; style almost none; stigmas and placentas 2.
4. Glaucium. Pod rough, long-linear, 2-celled by a spongy partition; style none.
[+][+] Pod 4–20-valved, dehiscent only at the top or to the middle.
5. Papaver. Ovary incompletely many-celled; stigmas united into a radiate sessile crown.
6. Argemone. Stigmas (sessile) and placentas 4–6. Pod and leaves prickly.
1. SANGUINÀRIA, Dill. Blood-root.
Sepals 2. Petals 8–12, spatulate-oblong, the inner narrower. Stamens about 24. Style short; stigma 2-grooved. Pod oblong, turgid, 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds with a large crest.—A low perennial, with thick prostrate premorse rootstocks, surcharged with red-orange acrid juice, sending up in earliest spring a rounded palmate-lobed leaf, and a 1-flowered naked scape. Flower white, handsome, the bud erect, the petals not crumpled. (Name from the color of the juice.)
1. S. Canadénsis, L.—Open rich woods; common. April, May.
2. STYLÓPHORUM, Nutt. Celandine Poppy.
Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style distinct, columnar; stigma 2–4-lobed. Pods bristly, 2–4-valved to the base. Seeds conspicuously crested.—Perennial low herbs, with stems naked below and oppositely 2-leaved, or sometimes 1–3-leaved, and umbellately 1–few-flowered at the summit; the flower-buds and the pods nodding. Leaves pinnately parted or divided. Juice yellow. (From στύλος, style, and φέρω, to bear, one of the distinctive characters.)
1. S. diphýllum, Nutt. Leaves pale or glaucous beneath, smoothish, deeply pinnatifid into 5 or 7 oblong sinuate-lobed divisions, and the root-leaves often with a pair of smaller and distinct leaflets; peduncles equalling the petioles; flower deep yellow (2´ broad); stigmas 3 or 4; pod oval.—Damp woods, W. Penn. to Wisc. and Tenn. May.—Foliage and flower resembling Celandine.
3. CHELIDÒNIUM, L. Celandine.
Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16–24. Style nearly none; stigma 2-lobed. Pod linear, slender, smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom upward. Seeds crested.—Biennial herb with brittle stems, saffron-colored acrid juice, pinnately divided or 2-pinnatifid and toothed or cut leaves, and small yellow flowers in a pedunculate umbel; buds nodding. (Ancient Greek name from χελιδών, the swallow, because its flowers appear with the swallows.)
C. màjus, L. (Celandine.) Waste grounds near dwellings. May–Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)
4. GLAÙCIUM, Tourn. Horn-Poppy.
Sepals 2. Petals 4. Style none; stigma 2-lobed or 2-horned. Pod very long and linear, completely 2-celled by a spongy false partition; seeds crestless.—Annuals or biennials,