The Terror of the Coast. Chris Arnett

The Terror of the Coast - Chris Arnett


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      Hul’qumi’mum First Nations place names mentioned in the text.

       The Terror of the Coast

      Land Alienation and Colonial War on

       Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands,

       1849–1863

      Chris Arnett

       To my taua (grandmother), Jane Mere Arnett and to my father and mother, John and Norma Arnett.

       ki mua ki muri

       We look to the past (ki mua) and take that with us into the unknown future (ki muri)

      Contents

       Acknowledgements

       A Note on Orthography

       Introduction

       Chapter One

       Tthu tumuhw ‘i’ tthu Hwulmuhw ‘i’ tthu Hwunitum (The Land, the People of the Land, and the Hungry People)

       Chapter Two

       The Entire Property of the White People Forever

       Chapter Three

       The Imperial Chain

       Chapter Four

       After the Gold Rush

       Chapter Five

       Pay the Indians for the Land or We’ll Have an Indian War

       Chapter Six

       Another Atrocious Murder

       Chapter Seven

       The Terror of the Coast

       Chapter Eight

       Much Indebted to the Roman Catholic Bishop

       Chapter Nine

       Suspended Between Heaven and Earth

       Chapter Ten

       The Seat of War

       Chapter Eleven

       Come! I, Hulkalatkstun go to kill um!

       Chapter Twelve

       Judicial Murder

       Epilogue

       Notes

       Bibliography

      I would like to acknowledge the following individuals whose input and interest facilitated the creation of this book: Bob Akerman, Dennis Alphonse, Grahame Brazier, Anne Cullingham, the late Tommy Paul, Chief Jill Harris, Bob and Emily Rice, Oshiane Mitchell, Roy Edwards, Henry Edwards, Rocky Wilson, Mary Joe, Lawrence George, Herb George, Frank Norris, Robert Daniels, April Miller, Mark Kiemele, Cindy Johnny, Charles Kahn, Les Laronde, Beth Lischeron, Paul Schmid, James Hendrickson, Brenda Timbers, Grant Keddie, Andrew Loveridge, Bruce Watson, Harry Conn, Wayne Suttles, and Audrey Ginn. Special thanks to my neighbour Lawrie Neish for his assistance in guiding me through the intricacies of the Tandy 1000 personal computer to produce the original manuscript. The following individuals and institutions also provided invaluable assistance: Mary Daisy Day of the Reprographic Section of the Public Records Office in London, Mary Davidson and staff of the Salt Spring Island Archives, staff of the British Columbia Archives and Records Service, staff at the Surveyors General Branch in Victoria, Dan Savard of the Royal British Columbia Museum, Lynn Maranda of the City of Vancouver Museum, and Vera McIver of the Diocese of Victoria Archives.

      I thank Karl Siegler and Christy Siegler of Talonbooks for their ongoing support of this project and their assistance, with the valuable editing skills of Ryan Wadsworth, in transforming “a veritable babble of tongues” into a finished manuscript.

      A $4,000 short-term writer’s grant from the Canada Council in 1995 allowed me to expand on the initial archival research. This was supplemented by a further $500 from the Annie York Trust Fund.

      Last, but in no way least, I thank my wife, Barbara, and our two sons, John and Carl, for their loving support and patience throughout the creation of this book.

      —Christopher Anderson Arnett Salt

       Spring Island, June 8, 1999

      There are a number of writing systems used to convey the Hul’qumi’num language. For the sake of consistency in the narrative, the anglicized names of villages and individuals are used throughout the text. Other Hul’qumi’num words follow the writing system developed by Thomas E. Hukari and Ruby Peters (1995). Stress is generally on the first or second syllable. In this system the letter “i” is pronounced as “ee” in English. Thus “Hwunitum” (white person) is pronounced “hwu-nee-tum.”

      One aspect of British Columbia history which has not been examined in much detail is the alienation of aboriginal lands and resources during the colonial period, from 1849, when the Colony of Vancouver Island was established, to 1871 when British Columbia entered the Canadian confederation. The official policy of the imperial and colonial governments regarding aboriginal lands is fairly wellknown, but how this policy was enacted on the ground, particularly in the face of aboriginal


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