Applied Oral Physiology. Robin Wilding

Applied Oral Physiology - Robin Wilding


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       10.7.2 Periodontal Receptors

       10.7.3 Altered Feedback

       10.7.4 Temporomandibular Joint Receptors

       10.8 Oral Reflexes

       10.8.1 Jaw Reflexes

       10.9 Mastication

       10.9.1 Evolutionary Aspects

       10.9.2 Suckling

       10.9.3 Masticatory Efficiency and Digestion

       10.9.4 Masticatory Forces

       10.9.5 Functional Jaw Movements

       10.9.6 Muscle Activity

       10.10 Swallowing

       10.10.1 The Oral Phase of Swallowing

       10.10.2 The Pharyngeal Phase

       10.10.3 The Esophageal Phase

       10.10.4 Muscle Activity of Swallowing

       10.10.5 Forces during Swallowing

       10.11 Speech

       10.11.1 Phonation and Articulation

       10.11.2 Defects in Speech

       11. Aging

       11.1 General Features of Aging

       11.2 Age Changes in the Teeth

       11.2.1 Abrasion and Attrition

       11.2.2 Stains and Discoloration

       11.2.3 Secondary and Sclerotic Dentin

       11.2.4 Age Changes in the Dental Pulp

       11.3 Age Changes in Tooth Support

       11.3.1 The Periodontal Ligament

       11.3.2 Cementum

       11.3.3 Alveolar Bone

       11.3.4 Oral Mucosa

       11.3.5 Changes in the Temporomandibular Joint

       11.4 Age Changes in Saliva

       11.5 Nutritional Changes in Aging

       11.6 Forensic Features of Eruption and Wear

       11.7 Emotional Changes in Aging

       Appendices

       Appendix A. The Origins of Teeth

       A.1 Mastication and Mammals

       A.1.1 The Evolution of Mammalian Teeth

       A.1.2 The Mammalian Work Ethic

       A.1.3 A Voracious Appetite

       A.1.4 A Robust Skeleton and Powerful Muscles

       A.1.5 Mammalian Teeth

       A.1.6 The Mammalian Tooth Socket

       A.1.7 The Mammalian Jaw Joint

       A.2 The Mechanics of Tooth Use

       A.2.1 Piercing Food

       A.2.2 Cutting Food

       A.2.3 Shredding Food

       A.2.4 Grinding Food

       Appendix B. Dental Hard Tissues

       B.1 Physical Properties of Enamel and Dentin

       B.2 Enamel Proteins

       B.3 Composites and Resistance to Fracture

       Appendix C. Oral Mucosa and the Periodontium

       C.1 Tooth Displacement

       C.2 Tooth Mobility

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