Color Atlas of Oral Diseases in Children and Adolescents. George Laskaris
duration of the exposure.
• The lesions may be mild or severe, and they usually have similar clinical features.
• Clinically, the lesions present as white or erythematous wrinkled plaques, erosions or ulcerations, which are often covered by whitish pseudomembranes (Figs. 4.1–4.4).
• The use of the rubber dam has significantly reduced iatrogenic burns.
• The diagnosis is based on the history, the clinical features, and exclusion of other lesions or diseases.
Differential diagnosis
• Traumatic lesions
• Thermal burns
• Electric burn
• Erosions seen in lichen planus and bullous diseases
Treatment
• Symptomatic. The lesions usually disappear within a week on removal of the chemical or the drug.
• Topical and, rarely, systemic steroids in severe cases.
Fig. 4.1 Aspirin burn on the buccal mucosa and retromolar area
Fig. 4.2 Trichloroacetic acid burn on the lower labial mucosa
Fig. 4.3 Chlorine compound burn on the lower lip
Fig. 4.4 Severe and extensive erosions of the lips and tongue due to accidental contact with an agricultural compound
Angioneurotic Edema
Definition
• Angioneurotic edema is a relatively common diffuse allergic reaction of the soft tissues. The disorder may be hereditary (rare) or acquired (common).
Etioiogy
• The acquired form may be caused by local anesthetics, drugs, foods, infections, emotional stress, etc.
• The hereditary form is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
• The great majority of angioneurotic edemas are idiopathic.
Occurrence in children
• Relatively rare.
Localization
• Oral mucosa (lips, tongue, soft palate, buccal mucosa).
• Skin (face, hands, arms, legs, genitals).
• Respiratory and gastrointestinal tract occur mainly in the hereditary form.
Clinical features
• Acute, painless soft-tissue swelling, with a smooth, shiny surface (Fig. 4.5).
• The enlargement resolves within 24–72 hours.
• The swelling may be solitary or multiple, and the size be up to several centimeters in diameter.
• Edema of the epiglottis represents a severe complication that may result in death.
Differential diagnosis
• Glandular cheilitis
• Cheilitis granulomatosa
• Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
• Lymphedema
• Surgical emphysema
• Acute abscess of the soft tissues
• Traumatic swelling
Treatment
• Antihistamines, systemic corticosteroids.
• In severe cases, intramuscular epinephrine.
Fig. 4.5 Acquired form of angioneurotic edema on the lower lip
5 Foreign-Body Deposits
Amalgam Tattoo
Definition
• Amalgam tattoo is a submucosal implantation of dental amalgam.
Etioiogy
• The most common ways that amalgam can be incorporated into the oral mucosa are: continuous contact between an amalgam filling and the oral soft tissues, and embedding of amalgam fragments into the oral tissues during dental filling or surgery.
Occurrence in children
• Relatively rare.
Localization
• The most common sites are the gingiva, alveolar mucosa, buccal mucosa, palate, and floor of the mouth.
Clinical features
• Clinically, amalgam tattoo presents as a black or dark-blue asymptomatic macule or plaque (Fig. 5.1). The borders of the lesion may be well defined or irregular, and the size varies from a few millimeters to several centimeters.
• Adjacent teeth usually have amalgam restorations.
• The diagnosis is usually based on the clinical features.
Laboratory findings
• Amalgam fragments may be visible on the radiograph as a densely radiopaque lesion.
• Microscopically scattered dark-brown granules are seen in the connective tissue.
Differential diagnosis
• Pigmentation from other metals
• Melanocytic nevus
• Freckle and ephelis
• Malignant melanoma
• Pigmentation due to drugs
Treatment
• Treatment is not required.
• Excisional biopsy is required only for diagnostic purposes.
Other Foreign-Body Implantations
Definition
• Incorporation of foreign body materials into the oral mucosa, such as silver, pencil graphite, metal dust, fish bone, wood pieces and other solid material.
Occurrence in children
• Common.
Localization
• Gingiva, alveolar mucosa, tongue, buccal mucosa, palate, lips.